Enterococci as emerging pathogens of humans

Morrison, Donald A.; Woodford, Neil; Cookson, Barry

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.83.s1.10.x

Cited by 141 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…They are found in such diverse habitats as the gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity and upper genital tract of man and other mammals, and also in birds, reptiles, insects, plants, soil and water [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of pH and temperature on the growth of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis

Morandi

Brasca

Alfieri

et al. 2005

Lait

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-A total of 70 enterococcal strains isolated from traditional Italian raw milk cheeses were identified by API 20 Strep and Biolog GP. All the identifications were confirmed by species-specific PCR. Four species of genus Enterococcus were found: E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans and E. hirae. E. faecalis and E. faecium were the dominant enterococcal species isolated in artisanal cheeses. According to the most representative species and the origin of isolation, 21 strains (11 E. faecalis and 10 E. faecium) were selected for the conductimetric analysis. The influence of pH (5.0; 5.5; 6.0 and 6.5) and temperature (25 °C and 37 °C) on the metabolism and the development of enterococci was evaluated by determination of Generation Time (GT), Detection Time (DT) and the maximum conductance value (∆µS) of the curve during a period of 48 hours. Conductance trials showed that both species were able to adapt to adverse cultural conditions (low values of pH and temperature) during cheese-making and ripening. E. faecalis appeared to be less sensitive on the whole. In the worst conditions (pH 5.0, 25 °C), after an adaptation phase (about 10 h), these microorganisms showed GT values almost double those at 37 °C. The same behavior can occur in cheese, where enterococci can reach numbers of up to 10 5 -10 8 cfu·g -1 during ripening. This could explain the fact that enterococci (in particular, E. faecalis and E. faecium) represent the typical and important microflora in raw milk cheese. E. faecalis / E. faecium / conductimetric analysis / pH / temperature / growthRésumé -Influence du pH et de la température sur la croissance d'Enterococcus faecalis et Enterococcus faecium. Un total de 70 souches d'entérocoques, isolées de certains fromages italiens traditionnels, a été identifié à l'aide des galeries API 20 Strep et Biolog GP. Toutes les identifications ont été confirmées par PCR espèce-spécifique. Quatre espèces de ce genre ont été isolées : E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans et E. hirae. E. faecalis et E. faecium étaient les espèces dominantes isolées des fromages artisanaux. Un total de 21 souches (11 E. faecalis et 10 E. faecium) a été sélec-tionné pour les analyses de conductimétrie selon les espèces les plus représentées et selon l'origine de l'isolement. L'influence du pH (5,0 ; 5,5 ; 6,0 et 6,5) et de la température (25 °C et 37 °C) sur le métabolisme et sur le développement des entérocoques a été évaluée par détermination du temps de génération (GT), du temps de détection (DT) et de la valeur conductimétrique maximale (∆µS) de la courbe au cours d'une période de 48 h. Les mesures de conductance ont démontré que les deux espèces ont la capacité de s'adapter aux conditions de culture défavorables (valeurs faibles du pH et de la température) aussi bien pendant la fabrication du fromage que l'affinage. Les deux espèces ont un comportement différent : E. faecalis s'est avéré être moins sensible. Dans les plus mauvaises conditions (pH 5,0-25 °C), après la phase d'adaptation (environ 10 h), ces micro-organismes montrent...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of pH and temperature on the growth of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis

Morandi

Brasca

Alfieri

et al. 2005

Lait

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“…Morrison et al (10) affirmed that the recognition of new and atypical species of Enterococcus spp. creates difficulties for an appropriate identification of this genus and indicates the need of including further tests in the commercially available systems (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Correlation between API 20 STREP and multiplex PCR for identification of Enterococcus spp. isolated from Brazilian foods

Gomes

Esteves

Palazzo

et al. 2007

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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We evaluated the suitability of API 20 STREP and multiplex PCR to speciate 52 Enterococcus spp. obtained from Brazilian foods. A high percentage of isolates (78.9%) presented discrepant results between evaluated tests. Similar results were obtained for six E. faecalis and five E. faecium. The PCR multiplex was more effective than API 20 STREP for complete identification of the isolates. 3633-1936. E-mail: edemarti@usp.br Enterococci are commonly found in soil, water, plants, vegetables and foods (6,9).This genus includes more than 20 species, being E. faecium and E. faecalis the most commonly found (7,8). However, failure in the identification of other species is a matter of concern specially due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant enterococcal strains (12).Identification of enterococci species is generally done by conventional phenotypic and biochemical tests even so molecular methods are becoming the choice tests for bacterial identification (1-3).There are some kits available for a rapid identification of Enterococcus spp. such as ID 32 STREP, API 20 STREP, API 50CH, Api zym (BioMérieux, France) and Phene Plate PhP Plate System (PhPlate Microplate Techniques, Sweden). However, according to Facklam et al. (7) these tests should be carefully used since most of them only correctly identify E. faecalis. The API 20 STREP strip contains 20 microtubes with dehydrated substrates necessary to detect enzymatic activity and fermentation of sugars. The results are obtained within 24 -48 hours, and the identification is based on numerical analysis after a visual interpretation of color changes (BioMérieux, France).The purpose of the present work was to compare the biochemical test -API 20 STREP system and a multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using specific primers for identification of Enterococcus spp. obtained from Brazilian foods.Fifty two Enterococcus spp. isolates were initialy identified in our lab at genus level based on Gram stain, catalase reaction, growth in de Man Rogosa Sharpe broth -MRS (Oxoid, UK) at 10ºC and 45ºC, MRS broth with 6.5% NaCl, MRS broth pH 9.6 and production of PYR (L-pyrrolidonyl-β-naphthylamide). The presumptive enterococcal isolates were speciated by API 20 STREP (BioMérieux, France), used for identification of streptococci and enterococci, according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer.Multiplex PCR was performed according to protocol described by . Primers were used to amplify the genes ddl of E. faecalis, ddl of E. faecium, vanC-1 of E. gallinarum, vanC-2 and vanC-3 of E. casseliflavus. Overnight cultures of Enterococcus spp. were harvested from trypticase soy agar with 0.6% yeast extract (TSAYE) and transferred to tubes containing 100 µl of PCR water (w-3500-Sigma, USA). This suspension was vortexed, centrifuged for ca. 15 seconds and the supernatant was used as template. The reaction was performed on a DNA thermal cycler (Mastercycler -Eppendorf, Germany) in a final volume of 25 µl containing 60 618 Gomes, B.C. et al.ng of DNA as template, 25 pmol of eac...

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“…(Gilmore and Joseph, 2003). 최근 E. faecium의 감염증이 증가 하고 있으며 (Simonsen et al, 2003) (Morrison et al, 1997;Jung et al, 2006;Poeta et al, 2007). 1-1-1-1-1-1 (Woodford et al, 1998;da Costa Darini et al, 1999).…”

Section: 교차접합시험에 의한 내성 유전자의 전이 확인unclassified

“…Vancomycin 고도내성 VRE에서 vancomycin 내성 유전자 vanA형이 영국에서 최초로 보고되었다 (Morrison et al, 1997). 특히 vanA에 의해 VanA phenotype을 나타내는 Enterococcus 는 glycopeptide계 항생제인 vancomycin과 teicoplanin에 대해 높은 농도의 내성을 나타낸다 (Weigel et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Antibiotics Resistance and Molecular Analysis of Enterococcus Isolated from the Han-river in Korea

Kwon

Kim²

2012

The Korean Journal of Microbiology

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Identification was performed in March 2008 for the 76Enterococcus strains isolated from the Han-river, which is used as water supply for Seoul citizens. The antibiotic susceptibility, antibiotic resistant structural analysis, trans-conjugation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) were also carried out for the isolated strains. Among the isolated strains, 25 strains were E. casseliflavus, 4 strains were E. faecalis and 1 strain was E. hirae. Investigation of antibiotic susceptibility indicated that 15 strains demonstrated tolerance against vancomycin, and that 11 strains of E. faecium and 4 strains of E. casseliflavus were VRE. The vanA gene detection of the VRE strains revealed that 6 E. faecium strains were vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) possessing vanA. Analyses of transposon Tn1546 structure containing vanA demonstrated that Km36 and Km37 belonged to Tn1 type, Km20 and Km38 was Tn2 type, and Km39 and Km40 was Tn3 type. PFGE disclosed that among the 6 VREF strains, Km36 and Km37 exhibited equivalent subtype, while the rest 4 strains showed subtypes different to each other. MLST for the 6 VREF strains disclosed that 3 strains were ST78, while the rest 3 strains were ST18, ST192 and ST230, respectively. All these clonal complexes were derived from CC17 which has been isolated from clinical sources. 4 strains belonged to CC78, while the rest 2 strains were CC18 and CC192, respectively. Martins da Costa et al., 2006;Lata et al., 2009). KeywordsVancomycin 내성 장구균(vancomycin-resistant enterococci; VRE)은 1986년 유럽에서 처음 보고된 이후 전 세계적으로 분리 되고 있으며 중요한 병원성 감염 균종의 하나로 알려져 있다 (Leelercq et al., 1988). 우리나라에서는 1992년 vancomycin 고도 내성 E. durans가 병원에서 처음 분리된 이후 계속적으로 분리 검출되고 있다 (Kim and Song, 1998;Lee et al., 2001;Hwang et al., 2010).국내에서 가축의 성장촉진 목적으로 널리 사용되었던 avoparcin 은 vancomycin과 화학구조가 유사하여 일부 Enterococcus에서 vancomycin 내성이 보고되어 1997년부터 avoparcin의 사용을 금지하였으나 금지한 후에도 육가공품과 동물 분변에서 지속적 으로 VRE가 분리되고 있으며 (Jung et al., 2006), 이외에도 quinupristin/dalfopristin, tetracycline 내성 장구균에 대한 위험 성이 보고되고 있다 (Hwang et al., 2010).Vancomycin 고도내성 VRE에서 vancomycin 내성 유전자 vanA형이 영국에서 최초로 보고되었다 (Morrison et al., 1997). 특히 vanA에 의해 VanA phenotype을 나타내는 Enterococcus 는 glycopeptide계 항생제인 vancomycin과 teicoplanin에 대해 높은 농도의 내성을 나타낸다 (Weigel et al., 2003).vanA는 유전자 전이에 직접 관련되는 transposon 중 하나인 Tn1546 내에 존재한다. Tn1546은 vanA, vanR, vanS, vanH, vanX, vanY 및 vanZ 유전자로 이루어져 있고, 크기는 대부분 10.8 kb이며(Brilliantova et al., 2010

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Enterococci as emerging pathogens of humans

Cited by 141 publications

References 44 publications

Influence of pH and temperature on the growth of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis

Influence of pH and temperature on the growth of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis

Correlation between API 20 STREP and multiplex PCR for identification of Enterococcus spp. isolated from Brazilian foods

Antibiotics Resistance and Molecular Analysis of Enterococcus Isolated from the Han-river in Korea

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