Enterocytes: active cells in tolerance to food and microbial antigens in the gut

Miron, Nicolae; Cristea, Victor

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04523.x

Cited by 84 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Nonetheless, the diverse physiology and multitude of cell types in the small intestine likely play a central role in these processes. The absorptive epithelium is comprised primarily of enterocytes, cells that are critical for nutrient absorption (29)(30)(31)(32)(33). The distal jejunum and ileum contain a greater density of Peyer's patches and follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), regions that contain microfold (M) cells, which can facilitate the uptake of antigens (29,34,35), viruses (36,37), and microorganisms (38,39).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique insights into the intestinal absorption, transit, and subsequent biodistribution of polymer-derived microspheres

Reineke

Cho

Dingle

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Polymeric microspheres (MSs) have received attention for their potential to improve the delivery of drugs with poor oral bioavailability. Although MSs can be absorbed into the absorptive epithelium of the small intestine, little is known about the physiologic mechanisms that are responsible for their cellular trafficking. In these experiments, nonbiodegradable polystyrene MSs (diameter range: 500 nm to 5 μm) were delivered locally to the jejunum or ileum or by oral administration to young male rats. Following administration, MSs were taken up rapidly (≤5 min) by the small intestine and were detected by transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Gel permeation chromatography confirmed that polymer was present in all tissue samples, including the brain. These results confirm that MSs (diameter range: 500 nm to 5 μm) were absorbed by the small intestine and distributed throughout the rat. After delivering MSs to the jejunum or ileum, high concentrations of polystyrene were detected in the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The pharmacologic inhibitors chlorpromazine, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and cytochalasin D caused a reduction in the total number of MSs absorbed in the jejunum and ileum, demonstrating that nonphagocytic processes (including endocytosis) direct the uptake of MSs in the small intestine. These results challenge the convention that phagocytic cells such as the microfold cells solely facilitate MS absorption in the small intestine.oral delivery | uptake mechanism B eginning in the 1960s, several groups (1-7) demonstrated that the small intestine could absorb microparticles with a diameter >1 μm, challenging dogma that the small intestine could only absorb small macromolecules. After this discovery, researchers began engineering microspheres (MSs) to deliver drugs with poor water solubility (8-10), poor gastrointestinal permeability (11), or poor oral bioavailability (8,9,(12)(13)(14)(15) to the small intestine. MS-based oral drug delivery systems (ODDSs) can be made from biodegradable polymers (12,(16)(17)(18), nondegradable polymers (19-21), and polysaccharides (22, 23) and can be engineered to carry polypeptides (18,24,25) and other molecules (26, 27). The motivation for using microparticulate-based ODDSs is to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs by enhancing their delivery and transit through the absorptive epithelium of the small intestine. This work may ultimately enable patients to take medications orally instead of relying on daily or weekly injections or other, less convenient routes of administration (28).More than five decades after Sanders and Ashworth discovered that the small intestine can engulf large particles (1), little is known today about the cellular mechanisms or physiologic pathways that facilitate the absorption, transit, and biodistribution of microparticles that are delivered to the small intestine. Nonetheless, the diverse physiology and multitude of cell types in the small intestine likely play a central role in these processes. The absorp...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique insights into the intestinal absorption, transit, and subsequent biodistribution of polymer-derived microspheres

Reineke

Cho

Dingle

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…В частности, сами энтероциты выполняют целый ряд функций, сопряженных с процессами формирования иммунологической толерантности к пищевым и бактери-альным антигенам. В современной научной литературе описываются несколько механизмов участия энтероци-тов в формировании пищевой толерантности [12].…”

Section: искусственное вскармливаниеunclassified

Prevention of Allergy: From Immunology of Pregnancy To Infant Feeding in the First Months of Life

Ukraintsev¹

2016

Vopr. sovr. pediatr.

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“…A large proportion (80%) of the mucosal cells are enterocytes whose main role is the absorption of nutrients and unconjugated bile salts. They may also be involved in chemical processing of food and cooperate with other cells in the induction of immunological tolerance to the ingested proteins [5,6] . Paneth cells synthesize and secrete substantial quantities of antimicrobial peptides which are key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens [5,8] .…”

Section: Structure and Function Of The Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mucosa enables the GI tract to perform its main functions: digestion and absorption of nutrients from the diet, protection of the body against physical and chemical damage from luminal contents, and provision of immunity against them [5,6] . The lining is made up of a single layer of epithelial cells.…”

Section: Structure and Function Of The Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The small intestinal epithelium is extensively folded to provide a very large absorptive surface area, resulting in distinct villus and crypt regions. The mucosa contains several types of cells: enterocytes, Paneth, goblet, and enteroendocrine [5][6][7][8] . A large proportion (80%) of the mucosal cells are enterocytes whose main role is the absorption of nutrients and unconjugated bile salts.…”

Section: Structure and Function Of The Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antioxidant Supplements and Gastrointestinal Diseases: A Critical Appraisal

2017

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The gastrointestinal tract digests and absorbs dietary nutrients, protects the body against physical and chemical damage from contents in its lumen, provides immunity against external antigens, and keeps an optimum environment for the gut microbiota. These functions cannot be performed normally in several diseases of which the following are discussed here: irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Because these diseases are associated with oxidative stress, a host of antioxidant supplements are used for maintenance and recovery of the gut functions. However, the benefits of these supplements have not been established. The available 80 human trials were rated for levels of confidence and for benefits of the antioxidant supplements. For Crohn's disease, the supplements for which clear benefits occurred in at least 2 studies were allopurinol, Boswellia serrata (frankincense or shallaki), Artemesia species (wormwood), Tripterygium wilfordii (léi gōng téng), and omega-3 fatty acids. Similar beneficial supplements for ulcerative colitis were allopurinol, Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Curcuma longa (curcumin in turmeric), and omega-3 fatty acids. There was also a clear benefit for ulcerative colitis in 2 studies where a multiherbal Chinese medicine preparation and an Ayurvedic medicine preparation were used. For irritable bowel syndrome, there was only a marginal benefit of some of the antioxidant supplements. Thus, some antioxidant supplements may be beneficial at certain stages of specific diseases. This is consistent with the current concept that antioxidants act by inhibiting oxidative stress pathways in a tissue- and environment-specific manner and not by simply acting as scavengers.

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Enterocytes: active cells in tolerance to food and microbial antigens in the gut

Cited by 84 publications

References 95 publications

Unique insights into the intestinal absorption, transit, and subsequent biodistribution of polymer-derived microspheres

Unique insights into the intestinal absorption, transit, and subsequent biodistribution of polymer-derived microspheres

Prevention of Allergy: From Immunology of Pregnancy To Infant Feeding in the First Months of Life

Antioxidant Supplements and Gastrointestinal Diseases: A Critical Appraisal

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