Enterotoxin-Producing Staphylococcus aureus

Liu, Dongyou

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397169-2.00055-x

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…S. aureus often harbours multiple toxin genes in its genome, and the most prominent toxins are the staphylococcal superantigens (staphylococcal enterotoxins, SEs; SE-like proteins, SEls; toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, TSST-1) [4]. The presence of genes encoding for SEC3 and SElL in the HS-MSSA genome infers its ability to produce these potent immunostimulatory superantigenic toxins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of genes encoding for SEC3 and SElL in the HS-MSSA genome infers its ability to produce these potent immunostimulatory superantigenic toxins. These superantigens are capable of binding directly to the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on the antigen-presenting cells (APC) outside of the antigen groove, thus bypassing APC processing prior to T cell presentation [4]. This subsequently leads to the activation of an abundance of T cells, causing the massive release of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines that eventually result in lethal toxic shock syndrome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virulence genes expression in S. aureus is mainly regulated by the agr system (agrABCD and delta-haemolysin) [35,36]. Together with the staphylococcal accessory regulator (sar) system, the agr system is found to upregulate the expression of SEB and SEC [4]. Besides that, the role of the agr system is also proved to be essential in the pathogenesis of acute lethal staphylococcal pneumonia by regulating the expression of alpha-haemolysin [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple factors influence S. aureus bacteraemia mortality, including host factors, pathogen-host interactions, and pathogen-specific factors [3]. S. aureus is known for its ability to secrete multiple toxins for enhanced pathogenicity in human hosts, which often results in more severe clinical outcomes, such as toxic shock syndrome and sepsis death [4]. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are the most prominent exotoxins produced by S. aureus during infections in humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are the most prominent exotoxins produced by S. aureus during infections in humans. The superantigenic SEs over-stimulate T-lymphocytes and subsequently induce a cytokines storm in the host's immune response, which eventually leads to severe hypotension associated with toxic shock syndrome [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atypical Presentation of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Dengue-Positive Patient: A Case Report with Virulence Genes Analysis

et al. 2020

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Concurrent bacteraemia in patients with dengue fever is rarely reported. We report a case of a patient who initially presented with symptoms typical of dengue fever but later succumbed to septic shock caused by hypervirulent methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). A 50-year-old female patient with hypertension and diabetes mellitus presented with typical symptoms of dengue fever. Upon investigation, the patient reported having prolonged fever for four days prior to hospitalization. Within 24 hours post-admission, the patient developed pneumonia and refractory shock, and ultimately succumbed to multiple-organs failure. Microbiological examination of the blood culture retrieved a pan susceptible MSSA strain. Genomic sequence analyses of the MSSA strain identified genes encoding staphylococcal superantigens (enterotoxin staphylococcal enterotoxin C 3 (SEC3) and enterotoxin-like staphylococcal enterotoxins-like toxin L (SElL)) that have been associated with toxic shock syndrome in human hosts. Genes encoding important toxins (Panton-Valentine leukocidins, alpha-haemolysin, protein A) involved in the development of staphylococcal pneumonia were also present in the MSSA genome. Staphylococcus aureus co-infections in dengue are uncommon but could be exceptionally fatal if caused by a toxin-producing strain. Clinicians should be aware of the risks and signs of sepsis in dengue fever, thus allowing early diagnosis and starting of antibiotic treatment in time to lower the mortality and morbidity rates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Atypical Presentation of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Dengue-Positive Patient: A Case Report with Virulence Genes Analysis

et al. 2020

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins and enterotoxin-like toxins with special reference to dairy products: An overview

Benkerroum

2017

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (SEs) have been raising health concerns for food safety due to their association with staphylococcal foodborne poisoning (SFP). As superantigens, they also cause the life threatening toxic shock syndrome (TSS), the transmission of which via food cannot be ruled out despite the lack of epidemiological evidence. To date, at least 23 of these exotoxins are known and separated into SEs and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-like (SEl) depending on whether or not they invoke emesis. This work presents an up-to-date overview on the presently known SEs/SEls from the perspective of their classification, pathogenesis, and genetic organisation. The incidence of these toxins in dairy products, the risk this poses to the public health, and possible control means are also reviewed.

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Staphylococcus aureus: a bacterial candidate for multiple sclerosis incidence and progression

Sheykhsaran,

Abbasi,

Baghi

et al. 2022

Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) has nowadays developed in the human population, and according to the existing evidence, the main cause is not well understood. In addition to the genetic factors, scientists propose the infections like other autoimmune diseases as the strong environmental hypothesis. By the last decade, microorganisms were supposed neglected in autoimmune disorders. Staphylococcus aureus has been recognized as an exacerbating agent in the development of MS. The various virulence factors enable this bacterium to cause complications from a mild skin infection to life-threatening meningitis and septicemia. Although there are not enough comprehensive studies about the role of microorganisms and MS, the reports reveal that microbial components presumably induce the auto reactions in the cells and antibody production. On the other hand, these interactions occur either in healthy individuals. Surveys also suggest no specific microorganism as the etiologic agent for MS, and other bacteria (Chlamydia pneumoniae), viruses (Herpesviridae and Retroviridae) are also involved. Until now, many investigations have been conducted to find out the MS triggering, progression, and other influencing factors, however, decoding the main contributor is not completely elucidated. The current review assesses the role of Staphylococcus aureus as the well known bacterial candidate in MS incidence.

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Enterotoxin-Producing Staphylococcus aureus

Cited by 8 publications

References 45 publications

Atypical Presentation of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Dengue-Positive Patient: A Case Report with Virulence Genes Analysis

Atypical Presentation of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Dengue-Positive Patient: A Case Report with Virulence Genes Analysis

Staphylococcal enterotoxins and enterotoxin-like toxins with special reference to dairy products: An overview

Staphylococcus aureus: a bacterial candidate for multiple sclerosis incidence and progression

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