Enterovirus 71 adsorption on metal ion‐composite chitosan beads

Lin, Yen‐Ting; Lin, Shuting; Chen, Cheng-Yi; Wu, She‐Huang

doi:10.1002/btpr.699

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Moreover, EV71 exhibits a high adsorption capacity to nickel-chitosan beads and retains its viral antigenicity and infectivity after desorption. Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and deacetylated D-glucosamine [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Helicobacter pylori Biofilm with Enterovirus 71 Prolongs Viral Viability and Survival

Hassanbhai,

Phoon,

Chow

et al. 2023

IJMS

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The transition time during which a virus leaves its host and infects the next susceptible host is critical for virus survival. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is stable in aqueous environments, but its molecular interactions with bacteria and their biofilms are not well-established. Helicobacter pylori is a highly successful gut bacterial pathogen, with its capacity to form biofilms being linked to its transmission. Given that both are gut-associated microbes, we hypothesized that biofilms formed by H. pylori may play a significant role in the survival of EV71 in the external environment. In this study, we examine the interactions of EV71 with the preformed biofilm of H. pylori to mimic its natural state in the environment. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that EV71 particles persisted for up to 10 days when incubated with the H. pylori biofilm. Furthermore, the presence of the H. pylori biofilm significantly augmented viral viability, as verified through virus plaque assays. Interestingly, the viability of EV71 was dependent on the quantity of H. pylori biofilm formation. Thus, two H. pylori strains able to generate large amounts of biofilm could facilitate EV71 viability for up to 17 days, whereas two other H. pylori strains that produced moderate or low quantities of biofilm could not prolong virus viability. It is interesting that biofilm contains N-acetyl-glucosamine and glycosaminoglycan, and that EV71 has binding affinity to cell-surface heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan, which acts as an EV71 attachment receptor. The synergistic ability of H. pylori biofilm to promote EV71 viability for extended periods implies that H. pylori biofilm may serve as an additional pathway of EV71 transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Helicobacter pylori Biofilm with Enterovirus 71 Prolongs Viral Viability and Survival

Hassanbhai,

Phoon,

Chow

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…Interestingly, Ni (2+)-chitosan beads were found to be the most effective. Therefore, they represent an interesting strategy to inhibit EV-A71 infection despite the fact that the adsorption by the compound did not affect EV-A71 antigenicity [ 141 ].…”

Section: Drug Development Targeting Ev-a71 Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

EV-A71 Mechanism of Entry: Receptors/Co-Receptors, Related Pathways and Inhibitors

Diarimalala

Yao

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Enterovirus A71, a non-enveloped single-stranded (+) RNA virus, enters host cells through three stages: attachment, endocytosis and uncoating. In recent years, receptors/co-receptors anchored on the host cell membrane and involved in this process have been continuously identified. Among these, hSCARB-2 was the first receptor revealed to specifically bind to a definite site of the EV-A71 viral capsid and plays an indispensable role during viral entry. It actually acts as the main receptor due to its ability to recognize all EV-A71 strains. In addition, PSGL-1 is the second EV-A71 receptor discovered. Unlike hSCARB-2, PSGL-1 binding is strain-specific; only 20% of EV-A71 strains isolated to date are able to recognize and bind it. Some other receptors, such as sialylated glycan, Anx 2, HS, HSP90, vimentin, nucleolin and fibronectin, were discovered successively and considered as “co-receptors” because, without hSCARB-2 or PSGL-1, they are not able to mediate entry. For cypA, prohibitin and hWARS, whether they belong to the category of receptors or of co-receptors still needs further investigation. In fact, they have shown to exhibit an hSCARB-2-independent entry. All this information has gradually enriched our knowledge of EV-A71’s early stages of infection. In addition to the availability of receptors/co-receptors for EV-A71 on host cells, the complex interaction between the virus and host proteins and various intracellular signaling pathways that are intricately connected to each other is critical for a successful EV-A71 invasion and for escaping the attack of the immune system. However, a lot remains unknown about the EV-A71 entry process. Nevertheless, researchers have been continuously interested in developing EV-A71 entry inhibitors, as this study area offers a large number of targets. To date, important progress has been made toward the development of several inhibitors targeting: receptors/co-receptors, including their soluble forms and chemically designed compounds; virus capsids, such as capsid inhibitors designed on the VP1 capsid; compounds potentially interfering with related signaling pathways, such as MAPK-, IFN- and ATR-inhibitors; and other strategies, such as siRNA and monoclonal antibodies targeting entry. The present review summarizes these latest studies, which are undoubtedly of great significance in developing a novel therapeutic approach against EV-A71.

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“…Moreover, in the presence of chitosan, nickel cations displayed the maximum attachment for enterovirus-71 because Ni2 + includes six accessible coordination links. Chitosan chelated with nickel ions improved Ni2 + chelation with enterovirus-71 protein and bond formation stability [ 105 ]. Pauls discovered the antiviral effect of chitosan on an adenovirus that causes pulmonary issues in young children [ 106 ].…”

Section: Antiviral Applications Of Chitosan Composites and Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-COVID-19 Credentials of Chitosan Composites and Derivatives: Future Scope?

et al. 2023

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Chitosan derivatives and composites are the next generation polymers for biomedical applications. With their humble origins from the second most abundant naturally available polymer chitin, chitosan is currently one of the most promising polymer systems, with wide biological applications. This current review gives a bird’s eye view of the antimicrobial applications of chitosan composites and derivatives. The antiviral activity and the mechanisms behind the inhibitory activity of these components have been reviewed. Specifically, the anti-COVID-19 aspects of chitosan composites and their derivatives have been compiled from the existing scattered reports and presented. Defeating COVID-19 is the battle of this century, and the chitosan derivative-based combat strategies naturally become very attractive. The challenges ahead and future recommendations have been addressed.

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Enterovirus 71 adsorption on metal ion‐composite chitosan beads

Cited by 10 publications

References 37 publications

The Association of Helicobacter pylori Biofilm with Enterovirus 71 Prolongs Viral Viability and Survival

The Association of Helicobacter pylori Biofilm with Enterovirus 71 Prolongs Viral Viability and Survival

EV-A71 Mechanism of Entry: Receptors/Co-Receptors, Related Pathways and Inhibitors

Anti-COVID-19 Credentials of Chitosan Composites and Derivatives: Future Scope?

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