Entropy in the Present and Early Universe: New Small Parameters and Dark Energy Problem

Abstract

It is demonstrated that entropy and its density play a significant role in solving the problem of the vacuum energy density (cosmological constant) of the Universe and hence the dark energy problem. Taking this in mind, two most popular models for dark energy-Holographic Dark Energy Model and Agegraphic Dark Energy Model-are analysed. It is shown that the fundamental quantities in the first of these models may be expressed in terms of a new small dimensionless parameter that is naturally occurring in High Energy Gravitational Thermodynamics and Gravitational Holography (UV-limit). On this basis, the possibility of a new approach to the problem of Quantum Gravity is discussed. Besides, the results obtained on the uncertainty relation of the pair "cosmological constant-volume of space-time", where the cosmological constant is a dynamic quantity, are reconsidered and generalized up to the Generalized Uncertainty Relation.

Part 2: Review of Tokamak Physics as a Way to Construct a Device Optimal for Graviton Detection and Generation within a Confined Small Spatial Volume, as Opposed to Dyson’s “Infinite Astrophysical Volume” Calculations

“…It is of note though that their suppression index, "n" is of the magnitude of present day estimations of entropy (if we take Entropy as a counting of "particles" in space-time). In doing so, we take note that the "suppression" index so obtained was of the order of 10^121, which is according to [22] tied into estimations of early to late space-time dynamics, which is given credence in [23]. The noteworthy matter to bring to the attention of the readers is that there is in formula 10 of reference [21] an explicit "vacuum energy" expression, which has the minimum length, delta x, of the order of Planck's length as part of a formula leading to "vacuum energy" in formula 10 of reference [21] which is presumed to be of the magnitude of the Cosmological "constant".…”

Dark Energy Problem, Physics of Early Universe and Some New Approaches in Gravity

“…As shown in [81], the Holographic Principle [82][83][84][85][86] is helpful in the solution of this problem. In addition, [55][56][57] demonstrate that variation of ρ vac in time may be expressed adequately in terms of the deformation parameter α introduced in a quantum field theory at Planck's scales (Early Universe). This parameter is considered in greater detail in the following Section.…”

“…This section is based on the results obtained by the author in his previous works [55][56][57], and in particular [58].…”

“…In [55,56] the Uncertainty Principle Equation (9) has been generalized at Planck scales up to the Generalized Uncertainty Principle…”

“…We can show that QFT parameters of deformations associated with GUP (i.e., corresponding deformed Heisenberg algebra) may be expressed in terms of the parameter α [55,56].…”