“…Our models suggest [22,23] that the development of a primary tumor from a microscopic level, avascular growth, to a macroscopic level, vascular phase and the subsequent appearance of metastasis, is not simply the accumulation of malignant cells, but it is a dynamic non-linear, self-organized process, far from thermodynamic equilibrium, which exhibits a high degree of robustness, complexity and hierarchy [23] and that in turn leads to the creation of new information and learning ability.…”