Environmental and human health risks of plastic composites can be reduced by optimizing manufacturing conditions

Noh, Yoorae; Odimayomi, Tolulope; Sendesi, Seyedeh Mahboobeh Teimouri; Youngblood, Jeffrey P.; Whelton, Andrew J.

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131803

Cited by 11 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Prior chemical analysis revealed that the nonstyrene resin manufacturer contaminated their product with a low amount of styrene (<1 wt %). 41 The greatest styrene concentration was detected during styrene composite cooling, not during the staying or isothermal curing phases. The lowest styrene concentration for the nonstyrene composite was found during the staying phase.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…For the nonstyrene composite, except for a comparatively low amount of styrene, no VOCs were detected in the air. However, a variety of VOCs and HAPs were identified in the uncured resin [methacrylic acid (9.96 × 10 3 mg/kg) > styrene (6.90 × 10 3 mg/kg) > toluene (2.77 × 10 3 mg/kg) and five other compounds] . A follow-up experiment where nonstyrene resin and nonstyrene composite samples were stored in closed vials for 24 h at room temperature revealed that the HAP toluene was emitted into air (S7).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Styrene levels reached 1,913 ± 920 ppb (normalized styrene concentration: 4 ± 1 × 10 –3 mg/cm 2 composite ) for two-layer styrene composite curing and 28 ± 14 ppb (6 ± 3 × 10 –5 mg/cm 2 composite ) for two-layer nonstyrene composite curing. Prior chemical analysis revealed that the nonstyrene resin manufacturer contaminated their product with a low amount of styrene (<1 wt %) . The greatest styrene concentration was detected during styrene composite cooling, not during the staying or isothermal curing phases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The thicknesses of the lab-manufactured composites in the present study were similar to that of field manufactured CIPPs (0.6 to 8.6 cm) (Figure S2). − Composites were thermally cured in an electropolished stainless steel environmental test chamber (ETC), which was located inside an oven (Figure S3). The resin manufacturer’s recommended composite curing be conducted at 65.6 °C for 50 min (styrene composite) and at 82.2 °C for 30 min (nonstyrene composite) mimicking the actual CIPP installation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Composite plates (10.16 cm × 10.16 cm × 0.6 to 0.8 cm) were manufactured following resin manufacturer recommendations ( S1 ). 41 Two-, four-, and six-layered thick uncured resin-impregnated fabrics (up to 2.5 cm) were prepared and polymerized using a dry-heating curing method. The thicknesses of the lab-manufactured composites in the present study were similar to that of field manufactured CIPPs (0.6 to 8.6 cm) ( Figure S2 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulatory Significance of Plastic Manufacturing Air Pollution Discharged into Terrestrial Environments and Real-Time Sensing Challenges

Noh

Xia

Zyaykina

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Cured-in-place-pipe (CIPP) is an onsite plastic manufacturing technology used in the U.S. and has not been evaluated for regulatory compliance with federal air pollution laws. The practice involves the discharge of manufacturing waste into the environment. The study goal was to estimate the magnitude of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) discharged into the atmosphere for styrene and nonstyrene composite manufacture and examine low-cost air monitoring sensor reliability. Timeresolved emission analysis revealed that VOC emission was not only isolated to the thermal curing period but also occurred before and after curing. In addition to the styrene monomer, other gasphase hazardous air pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act were also emitted. Based on typical CIPP installations, 0.9 to 16.6 U.S. tons of emitted VOCs were estimated for styrene CIPPs, and 0.09 to 1.6 U.S. tons of emitted VOCs were estimated for nonstyrene CIPPs. Because the number and size of CIPPs manufactured in a single community can vary, the total air pollution burden will significantly differ across communities. Low-cost VOC sensors commonly utilized near CIPP manufacturing activities did not accurately quantify styrene and should not be relied upon for that purpose. Up to several thousand-fold detection differences were observed. Regulatory evaluation of CIPP air pollution and PID sensor reliability assessments are recommended.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Regulatory Significance of Plastic Manufacturing Air Pollution Discharged into Terrestrial Environments and Real-Time Sensing Challenges

Noh

Xia

Zyaykina

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Chemically decomposable imine‐based thermoset using oxidized sugar

Jeong,

Goh

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Increasing environmental concerns have driven the pursuit of sustainable alternatives to petrochemical‐based plastics in polymer chemistry. In this study, we demonstrated a method by which sugar, the most chemically produced biomass, can be used as a thermosetting resin. The sucrose was successfully oxidized, synthesized, and then incorporated into a resin. Sodium periodate (NaIO4) was used to convert sucrose into chemical raw materials. The resulting polymer, prepared via the imine reaction, exhibited a glass transition temperature Tg of 96°C, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Additionally, the thermosetting resin exhibited a tensile strength of 7 MPa, a modulus of 515 MPa, and a Tg of 100°C. We obtained reaction rate constants of 0.7 × 10−3 h−1 and 3.2 × 10−1 h−1 using THF and citric acid solutions, respectively. Furthermore, we reused the resin from the decomposed organic matter and confirmed that the resynthesized overall, our findings suggest the potential for green recycling by converting commonly used sugars into nature‐derived raw materials, leading to the development of eco‐friendly polymer synthesis.

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Biologically templated Fe2O3–CuO heterojunction for ppb-level styrene gas detection

Liao,

Qi,

et al. 2024

Ceramics International

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Environmental and human health risks of plastic composites can be reduced by optimizing manufacturing conditions

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Regulatory Significance of Plastic Manufacturing Air Pollution Discharged into Terrestrial Environments and Real-Time Sensing Challenges

Regulatory Significance of Plastic Manufacturing Air Pollution Discharged into Terrestrial Environments and Real-Time Sensing Challenges

Chemically decomposable imine‐based thermoset using oxidized sugar

Biologically templated Fe2O3–CuO heterojunction for ppb-level styrene gas detection

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