Environmental Enrichment

Abstract

Nowadays, the advancements of wearable consumer devices have become a predominant role in healthcare gadgets. There is always a demand to obtain robust recognition of heterogeneous human activities in complicated IoT environments. The knowledge attained using these recognition models will be then combined with healthcare applications. In this way, the paper proposed a novel deep learning framework to recognize heterogeneous human activities using multimodal sensor data. The proposed framework is composed of four phases: employing dataset and processing, implementation of deep learning model, performance analysis, and application development. The paper utilized the recent KU-HAR database with eighteen different activities of 90 individuals. After preprocessing, the hybrid model integrating Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) architecture is used. An attention mechanism is then included for further enhancing the robustness of human activity recognition in the IoT environment. Finally, the performance of the proposed model is evaluated and comparatively analyzed with conventional CNN, LSTM, GRU, ELM, Transformer and Ensemble algorithms. To the end, an application is developed using the Qt framework which can be deployed on any consumer device. In this way, the research sheds light on monitoring the activities of critical patients by healthcare professionals remotely. The proposed ELM-GRUaM model achieved supreme performance in recognizing multimodal human activities with an overall accuracy of 96.71% as compared with existing models.

Retrospective Study of Morbidity and Mortality of Captive African Wild Dogs (Lycaon Pictus) Held Within United Kingdom Zoological Institutions Between 2000 and 2020

“…Operant conditioning maintains good health and welfare and limits stress in captivity by assisting husbandry procedures, 36 providing environmental enrichment, enabling individual treatments, and permitting closer interactions with keepers and veterinarians. 41…”

Cognitive enrichment in a social setting: assessing the use of a novel food maze in sanctuary-housed chimpanzees

“…Arousal levels, assessed through self-directed behaviors, were not affected by the presence of the enrichment device, but did increase for individuals interacting with it. Finally, one of our aims was to promote activity that stimulated the chimpanzees cognitively by creating learning opportunities that simulate the natural environment (Young et al 2020 ), in which animals face challenging situations (e.g., finding food) that often require complex behavioral and cognitive skills such as exploration or problem solving (Shettleworth 2010 ). The food maze indeed presented a challenge, but as most of the chimpanzees failed to master the task during the study period, longer exposure might lead to better assessment of the impact of this and other similar enrichments on chimpanzee behavior.…”

A Reexamination of the Relationship between Training Practices and Welfare in the Management of Ambassador Animals

“…However, there is much more to a comprehensive enrichment program than adding scents and novel items to an animal’s enclosure. Life for an animal in human care should be filled with opportunities to learn new associations and contingencies in ways similar to their wild counterparts [ 55 ]. Young describes enrichment as divided into five non-mutually exclusive categories: Social (i.e., social grouping); Occupational or cognitive (e.g., opportunities for mental or physical exercise); Physical (e.g., the use of species-appropriate furniture in enclosures); Sensory (i.e., stimulation of the five senses); Nutritional (i.e., the use of food, associated or not with devices that enable animals to use their anatomical and behavioral adaptive features in food handling) [ 55 ].…”