Environmental Exposures to Low Level of Cadmium and Lead and Hearing Impairment in Iraqi Patients

Abstract

Objectives: We examined the relations between blood cadmium and lead exposure and hearing impairments in the Iraqi people. Methods:We analyzed data from 51 individual 13-75 ages who had been randomly dispensed to the audiometry examination center at Al-Hilla Teaching Hospital (Babel) for each Iraqi civilian who said, "I suffering from the hearing problem." Pure-tone average (PTA) of auditory thresholds at frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz was calculated, and hearing impairment was described as a PTA >25 dB in either ear. Results:All patients who suffer from hearing impairment have serum lead level (23.14±1.76 µg/dL), which is a significantly elevated in comparison to control group (21.20±2.08 µg/dL). In addition to lead, the blood level of cadmium in people with hearing impairment was showed a significant elevation (0.28±0.05 µg/dL) in comparison to normal people (0.22±0.03 µg/dL). In general, this elevation remains within normal reference for the blood level of cadmium (0.5 µg/dL). Conclusions:The present study revealed that the environmental and occupational cadmium and lead coexposures lead to a significant elevation in the blood level of these metals and could have an essential part in the progression of hearing loss.

Papaverine attenuates the progression of alpha naphthylisothiocyanate induce cholestasis in rats

“…Bile acids are formed in the liver from cholesterol and secreted as bile into the duodenum; bile acids aid in absorbing fat, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins and act as ligands for bile acid receptors ( Bertolini et al, 2022 ). Specific bile acid metabolites activate FXR; FXR directly activates transcription of genes encoding small heterodimer partner ( Shp ) in the liver and fibroblast growth factor 15 ( Fgf15 in mice; Fgf19 in humans) in the intestine, both of which repress the expression of enzymes involved in hepatic bile acid synthesis, such as cytochrome P450 7A1 ( Cyp7a1 ) ( Sun, 2021 ; Al-Khfajy et al, 2018 ).…”