Environmental, health, and safety issues in rapid prototyping

Short, Daniel B.; Sirinterlikci, Arif; Badger, Paul; Artieri, B.

doi:10.1108/rpj-11-2012-0111

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…While Deak (, ) was among the first to address the importance of a health and safety plan of action (e.g., adequate working space, proper air ventilation, proper dust collection, and use of protective gloves and safety glasses) as well as plan of follow up (e.g., written procedures), the impact of AM processes on the health and safety of operators and the environment has been investigated more in detail by Short and colleagues (). The authors provided a “best practices” guide for rapid prototyping laboratories.…”

Section: Health and Safety Issues Related To Additive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Dimensions of Additive Manufacturing: Mapping Application Domains and Their Environmental Implications

Kellens

Baumers

Gutowski

et al. 2017

J of Industrial Ecology

225

128

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SummaryAdditive manufacturing (AM) proposes a novel paradigm for engineering design and manufacturing, which has profound economic, environmental, and security implications. The design freedom offered by this category of manufacturing processes and its ability to locally print almost each designable object will have important repercussions across society. While AM applications are progressing from rapid prototyping to the production of end-use products, the environmental dimensions and related impacts of these evolving manufacturing processes have yet to be extensively examined. Only limited quantitative data are available on how AM manufactured products compare to conventionally manufactured ones in terms of energy and material consumption, transportation costs, pollution and waste, health and safety issues, as well as other environmental impacts over their full lifetime. Reported research indicates that the specific energy of current AM systems is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher compared to that of conventional manufacturing processes. However, only part of the AM process taxonomy is yet documented in terms of its environmental performance, and most life cycle inventory (LCI) efforts mainly focus on energy consumption. From an environmental perspective, AM manufactured parts can be beneficial for very small batches, or in cases where AM-based redesigns offer substantial functional advantages during the product use phase (e.g., lightweight part designs and part remanufacturing). Important pending research questions include the LCI of AM feedstock production, supply-chain consequences, and health and safety issues relating to AM.

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Section: Health and Safety Issues Related To Additive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Dimensions of Additive Manufacturing: Mapping Application Domains and Their Environmental Implications

Kellens

Baumers

Gutowski

et al. 2017

J of Industrial Ecology

225

128

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…With increased use of desktop and small-scale 3-D printers in non-industrial settings comes the concern for user health and safety. [2] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some VOCs are respiratory and mucous membrane irritants [2,6] or allergic asthmagens. [7,8] Ozone is a lung irritant and a reactive gas that may alter indoor air chemistry by interacting with unsaturated VOCs to form secondary organic aerosols and reactive products such as carbonyl compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of chemical contaminants generated by a desktop fused deposition modeling 3-dimensional Printer

Stefaniak

LeBouf

et al. 2017

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

104

133

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Printing devices are known to emit chemicals into the indoor atmosphere. Understanding factors that influence release of chemical contaminants from printers is necessary to develop effective exposure assessment and control strategies. In this study, a desktop fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3-dimensional (3-D) printer using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) filaments and two monochrome laser printers were evaluated in a 0.5 m3 chamber. During printing, chamber air was monitored for vapors using a real-time photoionization detector (results expressed as isobutylene equivalents) to measure total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations, evacuated canisters to identify specific VOCs by off-line gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and liquid bubblers to identify carbonyl compounds by GC-MS. Airborne particles were collected on filters for off-line analysis using scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive x-ray detector to identify elemental constituents. For 3-D printing, TVOC emission rates were influenced by a printer malfunction, filament type, and to a lesser extent, by filament color; however, rates were not influenced by the number of printer nozzles used or the manufacturer’s provided cover. TVOC emission rates were significantly lower for the 3-D printer (49–3552 μg h−1) compared to the laser printers (5782–7735 μg h−1). A total of 14 VOCs were identified during 3-D printing that were not present during laser printing. 3-D printed objects continued to off-gas styrene, indicating potential for continued exposure after the print job is completed. Carbonyl reaction products were likely formed from emissions of the 3-D printer, including 4-oxopentanal. Ultrafine particles generated by the 3-D printer using ABS and a laser printer contained chromium. Consideration of the factors that influenced the release of chemical contaminants (including known and suspected asthmagens such as styrene and 4-oxopentanal) from a FDM 3-D printer should be made when designing exposure assessment and control strategies.

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“…Among the different perspectives, energy consumption of AM is considered as the top‐driving factor that needs more academic studies, which is also identified as one of the unsolved issues for AM processes (Drizo and Pegna ; Short et al. ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, attributed to the growing public concerns in climate change, more attention has been drawn to environmental sustainability related performance of AM processes considering energy, ecological, economic, and other aspects (Burkhart and Aurich 2015). Among the different perspectives, energy consumption of AM is considered as the top-driving factor that needs more academic studies, which is also identified as one of the unsolved issues for AM processes (Drizo and Pegna 2006;Short et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Consumption Modeling of Stereolithography‐Based Additive Manufacturing Toward Environmental Sustainability

Yang

Pan

et al. 2017

J of Industrial Ecology

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SummaryAdditive manufacturing (AM), also referred as three-dimensional printing or rapid prototyping, has been implemented in various areas as one of the most promising new manufacturing technologies in the past three decades. In addition to the growing public interest in developing AM into a potential mainstream manufacturing approach, increasing concerns on environmental sustainability, especially on energy consumption, have been presented. To date, research efforts have been dedicated to quantitatively measuring and analyzing the energy consumption of AM processes. Such efforts only covered partial types of AM processes and explored inadequate factors that might influence the energy consumption. In addition, energy consumption modeling for AM processes has not been comprehensively studied. To fill the research gap, this article presents a mathematical model for the energy consumption of stereolithography (SLA)-based processes. To validate the mathematical model, experiments are conducted to measure the real energy consumption from an SLAbased AM machine. The design of experiments method is adopted to examine the impacts of different parameters and their potential interactions on the overall energy consumption. For the purpose of minimization of the total energy consumption, a response optimization method is used to identify the optimal combination of parameters. The surface quality of the product built using a set of optimal parameters is obtained and compared with parts built with different parameter combinations. The comparison results show that the overall energy consumption from SLA-based AM processes can be significantly reduced through optimal parameter setting, without observable product quality decay.

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Environmental, health, and safety issues in rapid prototyping

Cited by 39 publications

References 12 publications

Environmental Dimensions of Additive Manufacturing: Mapping Application Domains and Their Environmental Implications

Environmental Dimensions of Additive Manufacturing: Mapping Application Domains and Their Environmental Implications

Characterization of chemical contaminants generated by a desktop fused deposition modeling 3-dimensional Printer

Energy Consumption Modeling of Stereolithography‐Based Additive Manufacturing Toward Environmental Sustainability

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