Environmental issues caused by the increasing number of vehicles in Iraq

Jassim, Hamed M.; Ibraheem, Fakhri H.; Zangana, B. F. A.

doi:10.2495/esus140291

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…An excess of pollution and high levels of emission of various pollutants due various reasons are produced. One of the major reasons is pollution, due to automobile fuel consumption which led to a negative impact on the economy and environment ( Jassim et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on NO2, O3, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and assessing air quality changes in Baghdad, Iraq

Hashim

Al‐Naseri

Al-Maliki

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

188

135

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Covid-19 was first reported in Iraq on February 24, 2020. Since then, to prevent its propagation, the Iraqi government declared a state of health emergency. A set of rapid and strict countermeasures have taken, including locking down cities and limiting population's mobility. In this study, concentrations of four criteria pollutants, NO 2 , O 3 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 before the lockdown from January 16 to February 29, 2020, and during four periods of partial and total lockdown from March 1 to July 24, 2020, in Baghdad were analysed. Overall, 6, 8 and 15% decreases in NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 concentrations, respectively in Baghdad during the 1st partial and total lockdown from March 1 to April 21, compared to the period before the lockdown. While, there were 13% increase in O 3 for same period. During the 2nd partial lockdown from June 14 to July 24, NO 2 and PM 2.5 decreases 20 and 2.5%, respectively. While, there were 525 and 56% increase in O 3 and PM 10 , respectively for same period. The air quality index (AQI) improved by 13% in Baghdad during the 1st partial lockdown from March 1 to April 21, compared to its pre-lockdown. The results of NO 2 tropospheric column extracted from the Sentinel-5P satellite shown the NO 2 emissions reduced up to 35 to 40% across Iraq, due to lockdown measures, between January and July, 2020, especially across the major cities such as Baghdad, Basra and Erbil. The lockdown due to COVID-19 has drastic effects on social and economic aspects. However, the lockdown also has some positive effect on natural environment and air quality improvement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on NO2, O3, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and assessing air quality changes in Baghdad, Iraq

Hashim

Al‐Naseri

Al-Maliki

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

188

135

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Over the last decade, Iraq's transport sector's emissions have grown by 80 percent. The number of vehicles has increased by over four times between 2007 and 2013 (Jassim, Ibraheem, and Zangana 2015)-such aggressive growth has led to carbon monoxide quantities to increase from 364 to 1571 tons/day over the same period. Similarly, nitrogen oxides quantities have increased from 28 to 127, mass particulate quantities have increased from 5 to 24 micrograms per cubic meter, and CO2 quantities have increased from 6,068 to 27,382 tons over the same period.…”

Section: Decarbonizing Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iraq Country Climate and Development Report

2022

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“…This consists of a sequence of silty, sandy, gravel and mud; all of these formations are suitable for groundwater storage. Tectonically, the area lies in the Stable and Unstable Shelf geotectonic units within the Mesopotamian zone, Ammara-Tikrit secondary subzone [26]. The study area is an important economic area, where the population depends economically on agriculture, especially crops of grain production, such as wheat, barley, and corn.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater Aquifer Suitability for Irrigation Purposes Using Multi-Criteria Decision Approach in Salah Al-Din Governorate/Iraq

Alwan

Karim

Aziz³

2019

AgriEngineering

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In this study, GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Approach (MCDA) is used to identify suitable locations to use groundwater for irrigation purposes in Salah-Al-Din Governorate, 180 km to the North of Baghdad, capital of Iraq republic. Various criteria are adopted including Electrical Conductivity (EC), Power of Hydrogen (pH), Sodium percentage (Na%), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Kelly's Ratio (KR), climate factor, aquifer thickness, and aquifer elevation. Three datasets are integrated to produce the suitability model, including geophysical data, groundwater wells data and satellite-based climate data. The criteria layers are assessed using the multi-criteria decision approach by combining them together using the weighted overlay function in ArcGIS 10.5. Appropriate weights assigned and integrated into GIS to create the groundwater suitability map for irrigation. Finally, the suitability of the study area for irrigation purposes with its percent to the total area is classified into three classes according to the set criteria used for this purpose: high suitability (35.41%), low suitability (44.22%), and unsuitable/excluded (20.37%). 304 leads to the logical expectation of declination of the Euphrates and Tigris output by 2025 to 50% and 25% respectively [3]. This problem coincides with a significant rise in Iraq's population, increasing water demand, inadequate infrastructure to maintain quality of life and lack of scientific planning for water resources management. Another serious factor in this regard is that the Middle East region (including Iraq) is one of the most vulnerable world regions to the potential impact of climate change (less precipitation, higher transpiration, sea level rise, and drought). According to these facts, the peak water supply in Iraq does not meet the needs, and this problem gets worse with time as the increasing population, the climate change, and unpredictable weather increase water demands largely. The consequences are many, which include a negative impact on agriculture, industry, tourism, and energy sectors resulting in increasing unemployment rates, poverty, food insecurity, and malnutrition.In recent times, there has been a worldwide conviction that groundwater is one of the most important natural water supply resources. When compared with surface water, it has a number of fundamental advantages: it is of higher quality, better protected from possible pollution, less subjected to seasonal and perennial fluctuations, and much more uniformly spread over large regions than surface water. Additionally, groundwater could be available in places where the surface water is scarce. The importance of groundwater as one of the substantial natural resources is accentuated in countries with arid and semiarid climates, where it is widely used for irrigation as in the countries of the Arab region with desert climate [4], these countries started to focus on groundwater resources due to water scarcity and pollution problems [5]. In the times of water scarcity...

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Environmental issues caused by the increasing number of vehicles in Iraq

Cited by 9 publications

References 2 publications

Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on NO2, O3, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and assessing air quality changes in Baghdad, Iraq

Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on NO2, O3, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and assessing air quality changes in Baghdad, Iraq

Iraq Country Climate and Development Report

Groundwater Aquifer Suitability for Irrigation Purposes Using Multi-Criteria Decision Approach in Salah Al-Din Governorate/Iraq

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