Environmental occurrence and risk assessment of haloacetic acids in swimming pool water and drinking water

Zhao, Huihui; Yang, Linyan; Li, Yejin; Xue, Weibo; Li, Kai; Xie, Yingqi; Meng, Shujuan; Cao, Gaoshao

doi:10.1039/d0ra02389b

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Previous studies also found that the DOC and free chlorine concentrations were positively correlated with the formation of HAAs and HANs in swimming pool water and tap water. 57,63 The inorganic bromine concentrations demonstrated positive correlations with the HBQ concentrations and negative correlations with the HBAL concentrations, while the inorganic iodine concentrations showed positive correlations with the HBQ concentrations, indicating that the concentrations of inorganic bromine and inorganic iodine in swimming pool water and tap water might affect the formation of some DBP categories. Notably, the concentrations of DON, NH 4 + -N, NO 3 − -N, and NO 2 − -N did not show significant correlations with the concentrations of N-DBPs including HANs, HNMs, HNPs, and HAs, indicating that the concentrations of DON, NH 4 + -N, NO 3 − -N, and NO 2 − -N in swimming pool water and tap water might not significantly affect the formation of the N-DBPs in this study.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Aromatic Halogenated Dbps In Swimming Pool Wat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Cytotoxicity of Aliphatic and Aromatic Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in Indoor Swimming Pool Water and Their Incoming Tap Water

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water are of wide concern for public health. In this study, the occurrence of five categories of aliphatic halogenated DBPs, i.e., trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), and haloketones (HKs), and six categories of aromatic halogenated DBPs, i.e., halophenols (HPs), halonitrophenols (HNPs), halohydroxybenzaldehydes (HBALs), halohydroxybenzoic acids (HBAs), halobenzoquinones (HBQs), and haloanilines (HAs), was examined in seven indoor swimming pool water and their incoming tap water. The correlations between the DBP concentrations and water quality parameters were explored. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the aliphatic and aromatic halogenated DBPs was tested with human hepatoma (HepG2) cells, and the concentration-cytotoxicity contributions of different DBP categories were calculated. The results demonstrate that 24 aliphatic (5 THMs, 8 HAAs, 5 HANs, 4 HNMs, and 2 HKs) and 50 aromatic halogenated DBPs (9 HPs, 8 HNPs, 9 HBALs, 8 HBAs, 11 HBQs, and 5 HAs) were present in the swimming pool water, among which 41 aromatic halogenated DBPs were detected in swimming pool water for the first time. The average concentrations of the five categories of aliphatic halogenated DBPs in the swimming pool water were in the order of HAAs > HANs > HKs > THMs > HNMs, while those in their incoming tap water were in the order of THMs > HAAs > HKs > HANs > HNMs. The average concentrations of the aromatic halogenated DBPs in the swimming pool water were significantly lower than those of the aliphatic halogenated DBPs, following the order of HBQs > HPs > HBAs > HBALs > HAs > HNPs, while those in their incoming tap water were in the order of HBALs > HBQs > HPs > HBAs > HAs > HNPs. The average concentration-cytotoxicity contributions of different DBP categories in the swimming pool water followed the order of HAAs > HANs > HNMs > HKs > HBQs > THMs > HPs > HNPs > HBAs > HBALs > HAs, with HAAs, HANs, and HNMs possessing the main concentration-cytotoxicity contributions (93.2% in total) among all DBP categories.

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Section: Occurrence Of Aromatic Halogenated Dbps In Swimming Pool Wat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Cytotoxicity of Aliphatic and Aromatic Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in Indoor Swimming Pool Water and Their Incoming Tap Water

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…It showed that with the increase of chlorine dosage, sufficient organic matter in the swimming pool can continuously react with chlorine agent to generate DBPs, among which the growth rate of DCAA concentration was the most obvious [28]. Zhao et al found a significant correlation between HAA9 concentration and free residual chlorine, suggesting that residual chlorine may be a key factor in the formation of DBPs in swimming pools [15]. Some research proved that urea, citric acid, creatinine and other substances were the main precursors for the formation of HAAs [29], especially DCAA and TCAA.…”

Section: Associations Between Haas and Pool Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhang et al investigated that the average concentration of HAA9 was 109.1 μg•L -1 in 14 public pools in Beijing [14]. Zhao et al reported that the average concentration HAA5 was 241 μg•L -1 in Shanghai, where DCAA and TCAA were the main ones [15]. Studies have shown that the concentration of HAAs in swimming pool water are affected by various factors, including the amount of chlorine, natural and man-made organic precursors, pH, water temperature, urea, free chlorine and other factors [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2022

AJC

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Chlorine disinfection is a commonly applied disinfection products due to its effectiveness, strong disinfection ability and low cost. The objective of this study is to investigate the occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs), a group of disinfection byproducts, in swimming pool and spa water, and analyze its influencing factors, so as to provide reference to understand the pollution status of haloacetic acid (HAAs) disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water in Haikou, for the formulation of hygienic standards and sanitation management of HAAs in swimming pool water. The samples were collected from18 swimming places with sanitary licenses in Haikou. For a period from April to July in 2022. High performance liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to detect the concentration of HAAs in swimming pool water, and its influencing factors were also analyzed. . Results indicated that the levels of average concentration of HAAs in indoor and outdoor swimming pools were 176.20 μg•L -1 and 241.53 μg•L -1 , respectively. There were differences in the levels of HAAs in indoor and outdoor swimming places (p<0.05). The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the concentration of HAAs was positively correlated with free chlorine and urea (p<0.05). The water quality and sanitation of the swimming pools in this survey were somewhat poor. It is necessary to formulate the regulation of HAAs in the swimming pool sanitation standards, and strengthen the water quality sanitation management, and take further effective measures to reduce the concentration of HAAs to protect swimmers.

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“…4 Recent studies have found that flavors were also detected in aquatic environments. 5 , 6 Most of the cosmetics contain flavors that often enter the environment through common ways, such as washing 7 , 8 and swimming, 9 and some flavors are also mixed with antibiotics, steroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, sedatives, and diet pills. 10 As a very complex mixture system, flavors contain many different components, and some of them have toxic effects on organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Personal care products have been detected in various environmental matrices and identified as emerging pollutants that also pose a threat to organisms. , As the components of personal care products and food additives, flavors are also widely used in food production, such as biscuits, frozen foods, condiments, canned foods, and beverages . Recent studies have found that flavors were also detected in aquatic environments. , Most of the cosmetics contain flavors that often enter the environment through common ways, such as washing , and swimming, and some flavors are also mixed with antibiotics, steroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, sedatives, and diet pills . As a very complex mixture system, flavors contain many different components, and some of them have toxic effects on organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Combined Toxicities and Quantitative Characterization of Toxicity Sensitivities of Three Flavor Chemicals and Their Mixtures to Caenorhabditis elegans

et al. 2021

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It was shown that flavor chemicals with high toxicity sensitivities mean that small changes in their effective concentrations can lead to significant changes in toxicity. Flavors are widely used in personal care products. However, our study demonstrated that some flavor chemicals and their mixture rays have high toxicity sensitivities to Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ), which may have an impact on human health. In this paper, three flavor chemicals (benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, and cinnamaldehyde) were used as components of the mixture, and three binary mixture systems were constructed, respectively. Five mixture rays were designed for each mixture system by a direct equipartition ray design method. The lethal toxicities of the three flavor chemicals and mixture rays to C. elegans at three exposure volumes were determined. A new concept (inverse of the negative logarithmic concentration span (iSPAN)) was introduced to quantitatively evaluate the toxicity sensitivity of chemicals or mixture rays, and the combination index (CI) was employed to identify the toxicological interactions in the mixtures. It was shown that the three flavor chemicals as well as the binary mixture rays have a significant concentration–response relationship on the lethality of C. elegans . The iSPAN values of the three flavor chemicals and their mixture rays were larger than 3.000, showing very strong toxicity sensitivity to C. elegans . In mixture systems, the toxicity sensitivities of mixture rays with different mixture ratios were also different at different exposure volumes. In addition, it can be seen from the CI heat map that the toxicological interaction not only shows the mixture ratio dependence but also changes with the different exposure volumes, which implies that the mixtures consisting of flavor chemicals with high toxicity sensitivity have complex toxicological interactions. Therefore, in environmental risk assessment, special attention should be paid to chemicals with high toxicity sensitivities.

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Environmental occurrence and risk assessment of haloacetic acids in swimming pool water and drinking water

Abstract: Environmental occurrence, statistical correlation, and human exposure of haloacetic acids in swimming pool water and drinking water were systematically investigated.

Cited by 19 publications

References 35 publications

Occurrence and Cytotoxicity of Aliphatic and Aromatic Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in Indoor Swimming Pool Water and Their Incoming Tap Water

Occurrence and Cytotoxicity of Aliphatic and Aromatic Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in Indoor Swimming Pool Water and Their Incoming Tap Water

Untitled

Study on the Combined Toxicities and Quantitative Characterization of Toxicity Sensitivities of Three Flavor Chemicals and Their Mixtures to Caenorhabditis elegans

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