Environmental Studies Op Endemic Enteric Virus Infections: I. Community Seroimmune Patterns and Poliovirus Infection Rates12

Melnick, Joseph L.; Walton, Mary; Isacson, Peter; CARDWELL, WARREN; Opton, Edward M.; Prindle, Richard A.; Parr, Robert L.; Myers, Ira L.; Mendez, Winifred M.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119852

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The rather erratic nature of this is in keeping with the previous results of Melnick et al (1957), Fox et al (1957) andGelfand et al (1957). C. C. SPICER…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…7/52 of a year, h is approximately 7/1000, and there are about 140 carriers for every Type 1 virus infection that becomes a notified case. This is in agreement with the values of 100-175 found by Melnick & Ledinko (1953) for children aged 0-2 years, and is within the range of those found by Melnick et al (1957), Fox et al (1957) and Gelfand et al (1957).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…These have given estimates of the ratio of carriers to clinical cases ranging from 50: 1 to 1000: 1. Some of the most thorough studies, such as those of Turner, Hollander, Buckley, Kokko & Winsor (1950), Melnick & Ledinko (1953), Melnick, Walton, Isaacson & Cardwell (1957), and Gelfand, le Blanc, were made in the United States and the results are not necessarily applicable in England and Wales. The present investigation was undertaken by the Public Health Laboratory Service in collaboration with Local Health Authorities to provide similar information for this country, and a base-line against which future studies undertaken after the full introduction of vaccination against the disease, could be judged.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The incidence of poliomyelitis virus in normal children aged 0–5 years A report on a study by the Public Health Laboratory Service and Local Health Authorities

Spicer

1961

J. Hyg.

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A survey has been made of a sample of children aged 0–5 years in a number of areas in England and Wales for the presence of symptomless excreters of poliomyeitis virus.The investigation covered a 2-year period from the spring of 1957 to the summer of 1959.Altogether 28, 797 specimens were examined of which 140 were positive for Type 1 virus, 24 for Type 2, and 44 for Type 3, the corresponding rates being 4·85, 0·83, and 1·53 per 1000 specimens respectively.It is estimated that for every notified case of poliomyelitis there were about 140 symptoinless excreters of Type 1 virus. No accurate estimates of this ratio were possible for the other two types, but it was certainly much higher.The incidence of positive specimens was 15 per 1000 in the first and 2·6 per 1000 in the second year of the survey, but there were considerable local variations.Type 2 virus was not isolated during the second year. Most specimens were examined for the presence of salmonellae and shigellae which both had a frequency of about 2 per 1000. The salmonellae were mainly S. typhimurium, and all the shigellae were Sh. sonnei.Some information was obtained on the prevalence of other viruses. Coxsackie B virus was the most commonly isolated and in the second year was commoner than poliomyelitis virus. Its seasonal incidence was roughly the same as that of polio myelitis virus.Adenoviruses were isolated in about 6 per 1000 specimens and were most common in the winter. ECHO viruses were about half as common as adenoviruses and the maximum incidence was in the autumn.The limitations of the sampling method used and the problems of analysis of the results are discussed.

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“…The rather erratic nature of this is in keeping with the previous results of Melnick et al (1957), Fox et al (1957) andGelfand et al (1957). C. C. SPICER…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The incidence of poliomyelitis virus in normal children aged 0–5 years A report on a study by the Public Health Laboratory Service and Local Health Authorities

Spicer

1961

J. Hyg.

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“…The prevalence of these viruses varied with sex, age, geographical area, type of local authority and season. The results were similar to those of the previous survey in this country (Report, 1958;Spicer, 1961;Gamble, 1962) and were in accord with those of studies of enterovirus infections in Czechoslovakia (2kcek et al 1962), Hungary (D6m6k, Molnair, Jancso & D'aniel, 1962) and the United States (Cole, Bell, Beeman & Huebner, 1951;Honig et al 1956; Melnick, Walton, Isacson & Cardwell, 1957;Gelfand, 1959;Gelfand, Holguin, Marchetti & Feorino, 1963).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

A survey of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in the faeces of normal children aged 0–4 years: A report of the Public Health Laboratory Service and the Society of Medical Officers of Health

Galbraith

1965

Epidemiol. Infect.

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In a survey of enterovirus and adenovirus excretion in normal children in 1961–62, 25,600 faecal specimens were examined, 25,589 of them in cell culture and 17,596 in newborn mice.Polioviruses were isolated from 156 (0·86%) specimens before Sabin vaccination was introduced in February 1962 and from 389 (5·27%) specimens after this. Coxsackie A viruses were isolated from 894 (5·08%) specimens, Coxsackie B viruses from 196 (0·77%), echoviruses from 278 (1·09%) and adenoviruses from 128 (0·50%).The isolation rates of these viruses varied with sex, age, geographical area, type of local authority area and season.The isolation rate of polioviruses before the introduction of Sabin vaccination was the same as in a previous survey carried out in 1957–58, although the rate was lower in Salk vaccinated children than in unvaccinated children. After Sabin vaccination began the isolation rate increased and Type 3 virus replaced Type 1 virus as the most prevalent virus type.

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“…NO. TESTED (38) (55) (29) (17) (13) (6) (32) Serological Survey-The age distribution of cases indicated that, by and large, the population of British Guiana had been immunized by exposures to the polioviruses prior to 1957. To determine the extent to which this was so, a survey was initiated to learn the level of antibodies in different segments of the normal population.…”

Section: Background Of the Epidemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Studies Op Endemic Enteric Virus Infections: I. Community Seroimmune Patterns and Poliovirus Infection Rates12

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

The incidence of poliomyelitis virus in normal children aged 0–5 years A report on a study by the Public Health Laboratory Service and Local Health Authorities

The incidence of poliomyelitis virus in normal children aged 0–5 years A report on a study by the Public Health Laboratory Service and Local Health Authorities

A survey of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in the faeces of normal children aged 0–4 years: A report of the Public Health Laboratory Service and the Society of Medical Officers of Health

The Use of a Portable Tissue Culture Laboratory in a Field Study of Tropical Poliomyelitis

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