Environmental viral contamination in a pediatric hospital outpatient waiting area: Implications for infection control

D’Arcy, Nikki; Cloutman-Green, Elaine; Klein, Nigel; Spratt, David A.

doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2014.04.014

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Rotaviruses cannot replicate outside a host's cell, but there is evidence they can persist in the environment and ground water for several months [51]- [54]. This persitance provides an opportunity for the viral particles to potentially be transmitted to naïve animals through contaminated water, surfaces, and feeds in a setting where pigs are enclosed in one area with improper hygiene and sanitation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Group A Rotavirus in Piglets in a Peri-Urban Setting of Arusha, Tanzania

Gachanja¹,

Buza²,

Petrucka³

2016

JBM

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Aims: Rotavirus-associated enteritis is a major problem in livestock, notably in young piglets and calves, and is also a zoonosis. It is also associated with diarrhoea mainly in children less than five years of age. In Tanzania however, no study has addressed Rotavirus in livestock species. Following our previous report on Rotavirus infection in children within urban and peri-urban Arusha, we sought to understand the disease situation in livestock in the same area. Study Design: Place and Duration of Study: In this study, we investigated the prevalence of Rotavirus in pigs of suckling, weaning and post weaning/grazing/fattening age categories in Lemara, Moshono and Sokoni I areas of Arusha peri-urban. Methodology: Molecular detection of Rotavirus in stool samples was done using conventional PCR with primers targeting Group A Rotavirus (GARV). Using a standardized questionnaire, we sought to find out risk factors associated with positive cases of Rotavirus including age, sex, location, diarrhoea status, recent diarrhoea case in the farm, breed, type of grazing system and type of feeding of individual pigs. Results: Out of a total of 110 pigs sampled (fecal samples), 41.8% were positive for Rotavirus. Chi Square's (χ 2 ) Fisher's Exact Test was used to relate PCR test results with various possible risk factors. Recent diarrhoea case in the farm was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with Rotavirus infection in pigs indicating the possible role of cross-infection within farm and also the environmental resistance and persistence of the virus in the farm. Conclusions: This was the first study to report on Rotavirus infection in pigs in Tanzania. The information obtained should form the platform for further studies to address the molecular epidemiology and relatedness of Rotavirus from human and porcine positive cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Group A Rotavirus in Piglets in a Peri-Urban Setting of Arusha, Tanzania

Gachanja¹,

Buza²,

Petrucka³

2016

JBM

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“…25 Nosocomial outbreaks of viral etiology are costly and can have a major impact on patient care. 26 Therefore, early detection of infections, including nosocomial infections, is important.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a silver‐amplified immunochromatography kit for adenoviral conjunctivitis

Fujimoto

Hanaoka

Konagaya

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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Objective To compare and evaluate the sensitivity of a newly developed silver‐amplified immunochromatography (SAI) kit with various immunochromatography (IC) kits for adenoviruses based on the detection limit (copies/test). Methods An SAI kit and four ophthalmic IC kits were evaluated. The detection limits of the five kits were determined using the limiting dilution method for 15 conjunctivitis‐associated adenoviruses (adenoviruses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 37, 53, 54, 56, 64, 81, and 85). The detection limits were presented as numerical values as determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The detection limit of the SAI kit for the adenovirus types ranged from 1.0 × 103–5.0 × 10 4 copies/test (geometric mean, 4.7 × 10 3). SAI had a 10–250‐fold lower detection limit than the four IC kits for all adenoviruses studied. There were also differences in detection limits among the adenovirus types for each kit. Discussion The detection limit of the SAI kit was drastically reduced because the silver‐amplification reaction increased the color development sensitivity. The results revealed the high sensitivity of SAI for detecting adenoviruses and suggested its usefulness for conjunctivitis examination.

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“…With the recently published evidence for the pathogenicity of TTSuVs in swine1011, the detection of TTSuVs in pork products24, human drugs and veterinary vaccines21 and its ubiquitous presence in the environment1620, understanding whether TTSuVs can infect human beings and whether TTVs, in general, can cross species barriers has become both important and essential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Widespread environmental contamination, based on the detection of human TTV (huTTV) DNA, is extremely common in water sources161718, sewage19 and in air or on surfaces, especially in hospitals20. Contamination of swine-derived laboratory enzymes such as trypsin and some veterinary vaccines with TTSuVs is also reported21.…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of heterologous Torque Teno Viruses in humans and swine

Ssemadaali

Effertz

Singh

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Torque Teno Viruses (TTVs) are ubiquitous viruses which are highly prevalent in several mammalian species. Human TTV’s are epidemiologically associated with several human disease conditions such as respiratory illnesses, auto-immune disorders and hepatitis. Recently it was found that swine TTV’s (TTSuVs) can act as primary pathogens. The common occurrence of TTVs as environmental contaminants and the increasing interest in the use of swine organs for xenotransplantation lend importance to the question of whether TTV’s can cross-infect across species. In this study, we examined human and swine sera by swine or human TTV-specific PCRs, to determine whether swine TTVs (TTSuV) DNA can be detected in humans and vice versa. Surprisingly, both human and TTSuV DNA were present in a majority of the samples tested. Transfection of human PBMC’s with TTSuV1 genomic DNA resulted in productive viral infection which was sustained for the three serial passages tested. Lymphoproliferative responses in infected human PBMCs were diminished when compared to the controls. Furthermore, mild to moderate antibody responses against the TTSuV1 ORF2 protein was detected in 16 of the 40 human sera by ELISA. Therefore, these study findings provide initial and fundamental evidence for possible cross-species transmission of TTVs.

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Environmental viral contamination in a pediatric hospital outpatient waiting area: Implications for infection control

Cited by 25 publications

References 32 publications

Prevalence of Group A Rotavirus in Piglets in a Peri-Urban Setting of Arusha, Tanzania

Prevalence of Group A Rotavirus in Piglets in a Peri-Urban Setting of Arusha, Tanzania

Evaluation of a silver‐amplified immunochromatography kit for adenoviral conjunctivitis

Identification of heterologous Torque Teno Viruses in humans and swine

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