Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Molecules with Antioxidant Function

Irato, Paola; Santovito, Gianfranco

doi:10.3390/antiox10040579

Cited by 132 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Two general categories of antioxidants are found in the body: nonenzymatic ones, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, minerals, etc., and enzymatic ones, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, etc. [ 48 , 53 ]. The CNPs/FIOMPs radioprotectors are an enzymatic type due to enzyme mimetic activities, including CAT, SOD, and peroxidase [ 45 , 53 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radioprotective Role of Vitamins C and E against the Gamma Ray-Induced Damage to the Chemical Structure of Bovine Serum Albumin

et al. 2021

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Radioprotective effects of vitamin C and vitamin E as a water-soluble and a lipid-soluble agent, respectively, were investigated at the molecular level during the imposition of gamma radiation-induced structural changes to bovine serum albumin (BSA) at the therapeutic dose of 3 Gy. Secondary and tertiary structural changes of control and irradiated BSA samples were investigated using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The preirradiation tests showed nonspecific and reversible binding of vitamins C and E to BSA. Secondary and tertiary structures of irradiated BSA considerably changed in the absence of the vitamins. Upon irradiation, α-helices of BSA transitioned to beta motifs and random coils, and the fluorescence emission intensity decreased relative to nonirradiated BSA. In the presence of the vitamins C or E, however, the irradiated BSA was protected from these structural changes caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The two vitamins exhibited different patterns of attachment to the protein surface, as inspected by blind docking, and their mechanisms of protection were different. The hydrophilicity of vitamin C resulted in the predominant scavenging of ROS in the solvent, whereas hydrophobic vitamin E localized on the nonpolar patches of the BSA surface, where it did not only form a barrier for diffusing ROS but also encountered them as an antioxidant and neutralized them thanks to the moderate BSA binding constant. Very low concentrations of vitamins C or E (0.005 mg/mL) appear to be sufficient to prevent the oxidative damage of BSA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 48 , 53 ]. The CNPs/FIOMPs radioprotectors are an enzymatic type due to enzyme mimetic activities, including CAT, SOD, and peroxidase [ 45 , 53 ]. The main difference between them is that the radical forms of nonenzymatic antioxidants need to convert back to the molecularly stable form by the recycler system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radioprotective Role of Vitamins C and E against the Gamma Ray-Induced Damage to the Chemical Structure of Bovine Serum Albumin

et al. 2021

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“…The role of antioxidant compounds synthesized and accumulated in plant organs becomes crucial to cope with stress. Pigments, non-enzymatic antioxidants, and antioxidative enzymes are all active against oxidative stress [ 6 ] as well as salinity [ 7 ]. Salinity affects the physiology, metabolism, and gene expression of fig trees [ 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cations and Phenolic Compounds Concentrations in Fruits of Fig Plants Exposed to Moderate Levels of Salinity

et al. 2021

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Fig trees are often grown in areas affected by salinity problems. We investigated changes in the concentrations of 15 phenolic compounds and mineral elements (Mg, Ca, K, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Fe, Na) in fruits of fig plants (Ficus carica L. cv. Dottato) subjected to irrigation with saline water (100 mM of NaCl) for 28 days. We used UHPLC-MS/MS techniques to determine chlorogenic acid, tiliroside, catechin, epicatechin (ECTC), p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, phloridzin, phloretine, quercetagetin 7-O-glucoside, rutin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, and quercetin. There was a steep gradient of Na+ concentrations between the root and the canopy of salinized plants, but leaf Na+ was similar in control and salt-treated plants. Quercetin, ECTC, and chlorogenic acid were the most abundant phenolic compounds in fig fruits. Salinity increased total phenols by 5.6%, but this increase was significant only for ECTC. Salt stress significantly increased Zn and Mg concentration in the fruit. Leaf levels of K, Mg, Ca, and Mn were similar in control and salinized plants. Moderate salt stress appears to improve fig fruit quality because of its positive effect on nutrients and antioxidant compounds such as epicatechin.

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“…The formation and action of reactive Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya oxygen species is counteracted by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic components of the antioxidant defense. Nonenzymatic mechanisms (the so-called free radical scavengers) are considered to be supplementary elements, while antioxidant enzymes seem to play a major role in the whole process (Irato and Santovito 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These enzymes are related to each other, participating in a cascade of events aimed at neutralizing free radicals. The most important antioxidant enzymes include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) (Wielkoszyński et al 2007 ; Irato and Santovito 2021 ). These enzymes cooperate in the direct neutralization of free radicals, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reactivation of non-enzymatic elements of antioxidant defense, repair of damaged molecules, and destruction of structures that could not be repaired (Palma and Seiquer 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of oxidative stress indicators in Polish patients with prostate cancer

Drozdz-Afelt

Koim-Puchowska

Kamiński

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The aim of the study was to analyze the activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase) and the concentration of malondialdehyde in order to determine the role of detoxification mechanisms in prostate cancer. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were measured using ready-made kits; lipid peroxidation intensity was determined by the thiobarbituric acid method. Superoxide dismutase was the only enzyme among antioxidant and detoxification enzymes for which a statistically significant difference in activity was found between the studied groups (1.4 U·ml−1 in patients vs. 1.6 U·ml−1 in control). No statistically significant differences were found for GST, CAT or the concentration of MDA between the group of men with prostate cancer and the control group. The lower SOD activity in men with prostate cancer may be due to a deficiency in their antioxidant defense system.

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Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Molecules with Antioxidant Function

Abstract: It is well known that the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to the peroxidation of membrane lipids, glycation/oxidation/nitration of proteins, inactivation of enzymes, DNA mutation and damage, and other alterations in the subcellular components [...]

Cited by 132 publications

References 25 publications

Radioprotective Role of Vitamins C and E against the Gamma Ray-Induced Damage to the Chemical Structure of Bovine Serum Albumin

Radioprotective Role of Vitamins C and E against the Gamma Ray-Induced Damage to the Chemical Structure of Bovine Serum Albumin

Cations and Phenolic Compounds Concentrations in Fruits of Fig Plants Exposed to Moderate Levels of Salinity

Analysis of oxidative stress indicators in Polish patients with prostate cancer

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