Enzyme and Immunoassays

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Enzymatic Analysis Methods 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Enzymes: Basic Kinetics 1.3. Enzyme Assays: Practical Aspects 1.3.1. General Considerations 1.3.2. Spectrometric Methods 1.3.3. Other Methods 1.3.4. Effects of pH, Buffer, Composition, and Temperature 1.3.5. Sources and Activity of Enzymes 1.4. Enzyme Assays: Determination of Substrates 1.4.1. General Considerations 1.4.2. Determination of Glucose 1.4.3. Determination of Ethanol 1.5. Enzyme Assays: Determination of Inhibitors 1.5.1. Inhibitors of Cholinesterase Enzymes 1.5.2. Other Inhibition Methods 1.6. Enzyme Assays: Determination of Activators 1.6.1. Determination of Metal Ions by Metalloenzymes 1.6.2. Other Activator Analyses 1.7. Immobilized Enzymes 1.7.1. Introduction 1.7.2. Properties of Immobilized Enzymes 1.7.3. Application of Immobilized Enzymes 2. Immunoassays in Analytical Chemistry 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Polyclonal, Monoclonal, and Recombinant Antibodies 2.3. Sample Conditioning 2.4. Immunoassays 2.4.1. Radioimmunoassay 2.4.1.1. Isotopic Dilution Radioimmunoassay 2.4.1.2. Immunoradiometric Assay (IRMA) 2.4.2. Nonisotopic Homogeneous Immunoassay 2.4.2.1. Latex Particle Agglutination Immunoassay 2.4.2.2. Enzyme‐Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) 2.4.2.3. Apoenzyme Reconstitution Immunoassay System (ARIS) 2.4.2.4. Fluorophore‐Labeled Homogeneous Immunoassay 2.4.2.5. Homogeneous Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) 2.4.2.6. Homogeneous Liposome Immunoassay 2.4.3. Nonisotopic Heterogeneous Immunoassay 2.4.3.1. Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 2.4.3.2. Sandwich Immunoassay 2.4.3.3. Immunoassays using Immobilized Affinity Ligands 2.4.3.4. Immunoassays with Biotin and Avidin 2.4.3.5. Magnetic Particle Immunoassay 2.5. Immunoaffinity Techniques 2.6. Immunoassays on Test Strips and other Planar Structures 2.7. Characterization and Interference 2.8. Future Immunological Applications and Techniques

Review: Bioanalytical applications of biomolecule-functionalized nanometer-sized doped silica particles

“…The reaction may be visualized with different labels, e.g., with enzymes and fluorophores [242,243]. To develop a sensitive assay, highly affine antibodies and appropriate labels are indispensable.…”