Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An Adaptable Methodology to Study SARS-CoV-2 Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses

Abstract

The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay is a versatile technique, which can be used for several applications. It has enormously contributed to the study of infectious diseases. This review highlights how this methodology supported the science conducted in COVID-19 pandemics, allowing scientists to better understand the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. ELISA can be modified to assess the functionality of antibodies, as avidity and neutralization, respectively by the standardization of avidity-ELISA and surrogate-neutralization methods. Cellular immunity can also be studied using this assay. Products secreted by cells, like proteins and cytokines, can be studied by ELISA or its derivative Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. ELISA and ELISA-based methods aided the area of immunology against infectious diseases and is still relevant, for example, as a promising approach to study the differences between natural and vaccine-induced immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.

QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay for the evaluation of cellular immunity after immunization with mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Whole-blood based ELISA-IGRAs, like QFN-SARS-CoV-2, are a promising tool for the large-scale study of SARS-CoV-2-speci c vaccine-induced T-cell responses [52]. ELISA-IGRAs have the inherent advantages of ease of application, short turnaround times, requirement of minimal equipment and relative low cost, compared to other methods of T-cell assessment [18,2].…”

A Quantitative Detection Algorithm for Multi-Test Line Lateral Flow Immunoassay Applied in Smartphones

“…However, in the future, it could be used in broader application scenarios, such as large-scale rapid testing in hospitals and community health centers, providing better technical support for disease prevention and control. In addition, the algorithm could also be applied to other types of detection, such as chemiluminescence assays [ 23 ] or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays [ 24 ], with potential application prospects and development potential.…”

A systemic review of T-cell epitopes defined from the proteome of SARS-CoV-2

“…ELISpot or FluorSpot technology can detect single activated cells in one million PBMCs. Because of its accuracy, sensitivity, and repeatability, the technology has been widely used in research and has promising clinical prospects for detecting antigen-specific T cells ( Ji and Forsthuber, 2016 ; Portilho et al., 2022 ). Peptide-HLA multimer staining has become the gold standard for enumeration of antigen-specific T cells because of its high specificity and also has been used to identify T-cell epitopes in many studies.…”