Enzyme Regulation, Lysine Pathways and Cell Wall Structures as Indicators of Major Lines of Evolution in Fungi

LéJohn, Herb B.

doi:10.1038/231164a0

Cited by 85 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Furthermore, major transaminating activities like glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and alanine-glyoxylate transaminase (AGT) were detected. LeJohn (1971) studied a large number of fungi and concluded that most higher fungi possess both NAD-GDH and NADP-GDH. Using mutant strains the crucial role of NADP-GDH in anabolism was demonstrated for Neurospora crassa (Fincham, 1962, and references therein) and Aspergillus nidalans (Kinghorn & Pateman, 1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen assimilating enzymes in the white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus

et al. 1994

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Agaricus bisporus has the enzymic potential to assimilate ammonia by the activities of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1 .2), NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) and NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4). It also contains glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.7.1) and a number of transaminating activities like glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (EC 2.6.1. l), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1 .2) and alanine-glyoxylate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.44). A. bisporus showed good growth in a defined buffered medium on glucose as a carbon source and a number of organic nitrogen compounds or ammonia as a nitrogen source. No growth was observed using nitrate as a nitrogen source. A. bisporus was not able to use organic nitrogen containing substances as a sole nitrogen and carbon source. Specific activities of the ammonia assimilating enzymes showed some variation when mycelia were cultivated on different nitrogen sources. Highest specific activities for glutamine synthetase, NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase and NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase were found when mycelia were grown on glutamate as a nitrogen source. Lowest values were found when the mycelia were grown on ammonia or glutamine. The specific activities of the ammonia assimilating enzymes showed no variation during maturation of the sporophores.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen assimilating enzymes in the white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus

et al. 1994

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“…As pointed out by Bruns et al (1991 ), "their simple and frequently convergent morphology, their lack of a useful fossil record, and their diversity have been major impediments to progress in this field." In the past, phylogenetic speculation of the fungi was based mainly on comparative analyses of morphological, ontogenetical, and biochemical data (e.g., Bartnicki-Garcia, 1970Bessey, 1942;Demoulin, 1974;G~iumann, 1952;L~John, 1971L~John, , 1974Ragan and Chapman, 1978;Savile, 1968;Vogel, 1964). Kimura's neutral theory of molecular evolution impacted studies of the phylogeny and evolution (Kimura, 1968(Kimura, , 1980(Kimura, , 1983.…”

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confidence: 99%

Relatedness, phylogeny, and evolution of the fungi

Sugiyama

1998

Mycoscience

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"Traditional studies of evolution have amply demonstrated that evolution at the phenotypic level is characterized by adaptation and opportunism, irregularity in pace, and inequality of rates among lineages. In contrast, studies of molecular evolution have revealed quite different features characterized by changes that are conservative in nature, random in pattern (independent of phenotypic characters), and quite regular in pace with equal rates among diverge [sic] lineages for a given protein". (Kimura, M. 1983. The neutral theory of molecular evolution, pp. 308-309, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.) Accepted for publication 2 November 1998Recent advances in fungal systematics are reviewed in relation to our previous studies. The usefulness of the integrated analysis of genotypic (especially 18S rRNA gene sequence comparisons) and phenotypic (especially ultrastructural and chemotaxonomic data) characters has been emphasized for the major groups and selected taxa of the fungi, and the impact to fungal systematics and evolution is discussed. Our noteworthy studies and findings are: 1) polyphyly of the chytridiomycetes and zygomycetes, 2) phylogenetic origin of the entomophthoralean fungi including Basidiobolus, 3) detection of a major new lineage "Archiascomycetes,'' comprising Taphrina, Protomyces and Saitoella, Schizosaccharomyces, and Pneumocystis, within the Ascomycota, and its phylogenetic and evolutionary significance, 4) polyphyletic origins of species in the anamorphic genus Geosmithia, and 5) phylogenetic placement of Mixia osmundae, species correctly and incorrectly assigned to the genus Taphrina, and basidiomyceotus yeasts. The newest 18S rDNA sequence-based neighbor-joining trees of the Ascomycota are demonstrated.

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“…During the past 50 years, the biochemical and morphological evidences of a misinterpration of the evolutionary relationship of the oomycetes and fungi grew steadily and rapidly. Differences in biochemical pathways were identified (Vogel 1960(Vogel , 1961LéJohn 1971). Bartnicki-Garcia (1966, 1968, 1969 demonstrated that the cell wall composition of oomycetes was primarily made of glucans and cellulose as opposed to chitins and Parker et al (1963) showed similarities in cell wall composition with the Vaucheriaceae.…”

Section: The Great Schismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fifty years of oomycetes—from consolidation to evolutionary and genomic exploration

Lévesque

2011

Fungal Diversity

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Transformative changes in biological sciences during the past 25 years have led to many significant advances in oomycete research. Before the last half century there were some hints that the oomycetes were related to some algae but it is now definitively demonstrated that they do not share an evolutionary path with kingdom Eumycota and are instead placed in a new kingdom Straminipila. Clarifying this once and for all has created many opportunities, but the rapid expansion of the research community has caused some fragmentation, probably much more so than in other groups of fungi because of a lack of a unifying forum for the members of the community working on issues such as taxonomy or phylogeny. Prior to the advent of molecular phylogenetics, mycologists working in zoosporic fungi were examining the ultrastructure of the zoospore, mainly focussing on the flagellar apparatus, and managed to generate phylogenies or define clades of zoospore producing fungi that remained for the most part valid after the advances in molecular biology. Comprehensive molecular phylogenies that have been published for some genera of the oomycetes have helped in recognising a large number of new species and in the development of a wide range of DNA-based diagnostic tools. The number of genomes available for this group is increasing rapidly, pushing further the discoveries of novel host-parasite interaction mechanisms in oomycetes. Some important plant diseases that were believed to be under control have re-emerged and many new diseases have appeared particularly in forestry and even in mammals. The research community has been able to respond rapidly and effectively to these new challenges. New ecological roles for the oomycetes were found in the suppression of plant diseases and reduction of plant invasineness in natural ecosystems. There are still many challenges ahead in the oomycete community, probably the most pressing one is to establish a robust tree of life foundation like the Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life initiative. The oomycete research community is dynamic and has put to very good use the many new technological advances.

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Enzyme Regulation, Lysine Pathways and Cell Wall Structures as Indicators of Major Lines of Evolution in Fungi

Cited by 85 publications

References 27 publications

Nitrogen assimilating enzymes in the white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Nitrogen assimilating enzymes in the white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Relatedness, phylogeny, and evolution of the fungi

Fifty years of oomycetes—from consolidation to evolutionary and genomic exploration

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