Ephedra in perspective – a current review

Abourashed, Ehab A.; El‐Alfy, Abir T.; Khan, Ikhlas A.; Walker, Larry

doi:10.1002/ptr.1337

Cited by 227 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…It has been used medicinally in China for thousands of years [42] and is marketed in the USA as an energy booster and weight control agent through its agonism of adrenergic receptors [43]. Treatment is supportive with symptomatic control of the patient's adrenergic state.…”

Section: Ma Huang/ephedramentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of Weight Loss Agents

2012

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Introduction: With the rise of the obesity epidemic in the United States over the last several decades and the medical complications seen with it, weight loss and dieting have become a national public health concern. Discussion: Because of their increased use and availability through internet sales, several different dieting agents were reviewed for potential toxicity. These included: syrup of ipecac, cathartics, human chorionic gonadotropin hormone, 2,4 Dinitrophenol, guar gum, phenylpropanolamine, ma huang/ ephedra, caffeine, clenbuterol, fenfluramine, sibutramine, thyroid hormone, orlistat and cannabinoid antagonists. Conclusions: With the internet making even banned products readily accessible, healthcare providers need to be aware of the potential toxicities of a wide range of weight loss agents. Our review covered topics we thought to be most historically significant as well as pertinent to the practice of medical toxicology today.

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Section: Ma Huang/ephedramentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of Weight Loss Agents

2012

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“…Ephedra sinica (Ma Huang) has been established for thousands of years in traditional uses in Korea and China (7). Ephedra sinica has been found to have sympathomimetic, antiinflammatory, hypoglycemic and antitussive/antiasthmatic effects (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ephedra sinica has been found to have sympathomimetic, antiinflammatory, hypoglycemic and antitussive/antiasthmatic effects (7). There have been reports that the use of Ephedra promotes weight loss in selected populations (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial effect of dietary Ephedra sinica on obesity and glucose intolerance in high-fat diet-fed mice

Song

Jang

et al. 2012

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Abstract. Obesity is a major contributor to both glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects of Ephedra sinica on high-fat diet-fed mice. Male ICR mice were divided into four groups; the normal group, the obese and diabetic control group treated with a high-fat diet, the positive control group treated with a high-fat diet containing acarbose, and the experimental group treated with a high-fat diet containing Ephedra sinica. The effects of Ephedra sinica on obesity and glucose intolerance were measured by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), plasma biochemistry, body and epididymal fat weight; the expression of adiponectin, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and leptin was also determined. Ephedra sinica reduced weight gain and epididymal fat accumulation, improved glucose intolerance on the OGTT, decreased triglycerides and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to the controls. Moreover, it reduced weight gain and fasting glucose levels and improved HDL-cholesterol levels more than acarbose. Gene expression analysis revealed that Ephedra sinica upregulated the expression of adiponectin and PPAR-α, and downregulated the expression of TNF-α. From these results, we suggest that Ephedra sinica may reduce obesity and hyperglycemia by increasing PPAR-α and adiponectin and reducing TNF-α, and that it may have the potential to be used clinically as an ingredient in food or drugs effective in obesity-related glucose intolerance treatments.

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“…96 O precursor da efedrina, fenilacetilcarbinol 88, é produzido em escala industrial pela BASF 97 e sua síntese está mostrada no Esquema 23. A reação de condensação entre duas matérias-primas pró-quirais benzaldeído 86 e ácido pirúvico 87 catalisada pela enzima piruvato descarboxilase, permitiu à obtenção de forma enantiosseletiva do isômero (R) de 88, que posteriormente é submetido à reação de aminação redutiva, transformando-se no produto 89.…”

Section: Alguns Exemplos De Reações Biocatalíticas Na áRea Farmacêuticaunclassified

An Overview of the Different Types of Catalysts in Organic Synthesis

Dias¹,

Ferreira²,

Cunha³

2012

Revista Virtual De Química

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Abstract:Since the mid-twentieth century, by economic and environmental factors, many researchers and some industries are investing in the development of syntheses and technologies that are environmentally friendly, producing less toxic waste and saving energy. Furthermore, the use of renewable raw materials, biomass and the development of asymmetric methods that provide products with high yields and selectivities becomes a major challenge for researchers in various fields that employ the catalytic process. This paper describes the importance of catalysis in organic synthesis of complex molecules, especially for the pharmaceutical and fine chemicals industries. Indeed, the industrial revolution caused by catalysis in different sectors such as petrochemicals, plastics, paper, among others, also became the subject of interest of this review.Keywords: Homogeneous catalysis; heterogeneous catalysis; biocatalysis; organocatalysis. ResumoDesde meados do século XX, por razões econômicas e ambientais, diversos pesquisadores e algumas indústrias investem no desenvolvimento de tecnologias sintéticas que sejam ambientalmente favoráveis, gerando menos resíduos tóxicos e com economia de energia. Além disso, os processos catalíticos e biocatalíticos associados ao uso de biomassas renováveis são de fundamental importância para a produção de matérias-primas quirais e aquirais com altos rendimentos e elevadas seletividades. Esse conjunto de paradigmas é um dos grandes desafios da atualidade para os pesquisadores nos diversos ramos da síntese orgânica.Este trabalho descreve a importância da catálise e da biocatálise na síntese orgânica de moléculas complexas, destacando-se os setores de química fina e fármacos. Além disso, a utilização crescente dos diversos processos catalíticos em diferentes setores industriais, tais como petroquímico, de papel e celulose, plásticos, e muitos outros também são assuntos de interesse desse trabalho de revisão.Palavras-chave: Catálise homogênea; catálise heterogênea; biocatálise; organocatálise.

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Ephedra in perspective – a current review

Cited by 227 publications

References 47 publications

Toxicity of Weight Loss Agents

Toxicity of Weight Loss Agents

Beneficial effect of dietary Ephedra sinica on obesity and glucose intolerance in high-fat diet-fed mice

An Overview of the Different Types of Catalysts in Organic Synthesis

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