Men's health concerns have evolved from the traditional andrology and male sexual health to a more holistic approach that encompasses male psychological, social and physical health. The poor state of health in men compared to their female counterparts is well documented. A review of the epidemiological data from Malaysia noted a similar trend in which men die at higher rates in under 1 and above 15 years old groups and most disease categories compared to women. In Malaysia, the main causes of death in men are non-communicable diseases and injuries. Risk factors, such as risk-taking behaviour, smoking and hypertension, are prevalent and amenable to early interventions. Erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation and prostate disorders are also prevalent. However, many of these morbidities go unreported and are not diagnosed early; therefore, opportunities for early intervention are missed. This reflects poor health knowledge and inadequate health-care utilisation among Malaysian men. Their health-seeking behaviour has been shown to be strongly influenced by family members and friends. However, more research is needed to identify men's unmet health-care needs and to develop optimal strategies for addressing them. Because the Malaysian population is aging and there is an increase in sedentary lifestyles, optimizing men's health will remain a challenge unless effective measures are implemented. The existing male-unfriendly health-care system and the negative influence of masculinity on men's health behaviour must be addressed. A national men's health policy based on a male-friendly approach to health-care delivery is urgently needed to provide a framework for addressing these challenges. Asian Journal of Andrology (2011) 13, 526-533; doi:10.1038/aja.2010.125; published online 28 February 2011Keywords: aging male; cause of death; epidemiology; health promotion; Malaysia; men's health; non-communicable diseases; risk factors INTRODUCTION Men's health has been recognized as a significant health issue in the world since the late twentieth century.1,2 Increasingly, men's health has evolved to encompass their psychological and social well-being in addition to sexual and urological health. The trigger of such changes is the acknowledgement of the discrepancy in life expectancy between men and women. The life expectancy for men at birth is shorter than that for women by an average of 4 to 6 years in almost every country in the world.3,4 It has also been documented that the differences in life expectancy are unlikely to be due solely to the biological differences between the sexes but are largely a result of the complex interaction between men and their sociocultural influences. [5][6][7] Many of the causes of death in men are attributed to their lifestyles and unhealthful behaviour, such as risk-taking behaviour, poor health-care utilisation, smoking, alcohol and obesity. 7,8 On the other hand, sexual health is also gaining attention due to its impact on men's quality of life 9 and close links to cardiovascular risk factors...