Epidemiology of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Deaths in the United States, April-July 2009

Fowlkes, Ashley; Arguin, Paul M.; Biggerstaff, Matthew; Gindler, Jacqueline; Blau, Dianna M.; Jain, Seema; Dhara, Rosaline; McLaughlin, Joe; Turnipseed, Elizabeth; Meyer, John J.; Louie, Janice K.; Siniscalchi, Alan; Hamilton, Janet; Reeves, Ariane; Park, Sarah Y.; Richter, Deborah; Ritchey, Matthew D.; Cocoros, Noelle M; Blythe, David; Peters, Susan E.; Lynfield, Ruth; Peterson, Lesha; Anderson, Jannifer; Moore, Zack; Williams, Robin M.; McHugh, Lisa; Cruz, Carmen Martha Vázquez; Waters, Christine; Page, Shannon L.; McDonald, Christie K; Vandermeer, Meredith; Waller, Kirsten; Bandy, Utpala; Jones, Timothy F.; Bullion, Lesley; Vernon, Valoree; Lofy, Kathryn H.; Haupt, Thomas; Finelli, Lyn

doi:10.1093/cid/ciq022

Cited by 82 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, our work is the first to evaluate whether death certificates in Mexico reported A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection as the cause of death. In the United States, only 60% of the deaths associated with A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza reported influenza as the cause of death [11]. In contrast, in the United Kingdom, the cause of death of 80% of the people infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza was reported as influenza [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the mortality caused by the H1N1 influenza virus during the 2009 pandemic in Mexico

Perez-Flores

Izquierdo-Puente

Castillo-Pérez

et al. 2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: The frequency and mortality of the pandemic caused by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 might have been underestimated, especially in developing countries. This study was designed to quantify the possible underestimation of pandemic influenza mortality and evaluate the concordance between the data reported for A(H1N1)pdm09 mortality and the causes of death reported during the pandemic period of April 2009 to February 2010. Methodology: The death certificates of 754 confirmed cases of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection were included in the study. Data was analyzed using the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's statistical model accounts for the variability in the proportion at each step using the Monte Carlo probabilistic model sampled from a uniform probability distribution. Results: A total of 1,969 deaths were estimated, with an estimated lethality of 5.53 per 100,000 (range, 3.5-8.76 per 100,000) in contrast with the 754 deaths and a lethality of 1.98 per 100,000 infected patients officially reported. In 631 of 754 (83.7%) death certificates from A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza-positive patients, influenza was not mentioned as a cause of death. Conclusions: It is possible that the mortality of the pandemic was three times higher than officially reported in Mexico. One source of error that could explain this underestimation is in the completion of death certificates, because in > 80% of confirmed cases of infection with influenza virus, it was not reported as the cause of death.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the mortality caused by the H1N1 influenza virus during the 2009 pandemic in Mexico

Perez-Flores

Izquierdo-Puente

Castillo-Pérez

et al. 2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…However, there might be clinical and public health reasons for what took place with respect to testing practices. High‐risk groups for influenza illness complications were identified based on certain medical conditions (e.g., asthma),9 and younger age groups were noted to be disproportionately affected by H1N1 illness 15, 16, 17. Individuals with high‐risk conditions and younger age groups therefore might have sought outpatient care more frequently as well as been tested more frequently when they did seek care.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does outpatient laboratory testing represent influenza burden and distribution in a rural state?

Thompson

Baumbach

Jungk

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundLaboratory testing results are often used to monitor influenza illness in populations, but results may not be representative of illness burden and distribution, especially in populations that are geographically, socioeconomically, and racially/ethnically diverse.ObjectivesDescriptive epidemiology and chi‐square analyses using demographic, geographic, and medical condition prevalence comparisons were employed to assess whether a group of individuals with outpatient laboratory‐confirmed influenza illness during September–November 2009 represented the burden and distribution of influenza illness in New Mexico (NM).Patients/MethodsThe outpatient group was identified via random selection from those with positive influenza tests at NM laboratories. Comparison groups included those with laboratory‐confirmed H1N1‐related influenza hospitalization and death identified via prospective active statewide surveillance, those with self‐reported influenza‐like illness (ILI) identified through random digit dialing, and the NM population.ResultsThis analysis included 334 individuals with outpatient laboratory‐confirmed influenza, 888 individuals with laboratory‐confirmed H1N1‐related hospitalization, 39 individuals with laboratory‐confirmed H1N1‐related death, 334 individuals with ILI, and NM population data (N = 2 036 112). The outpatient laboratory‐confirmed group had a different distribution of demographic and geographic factors, as well as prevalence of certain medical conditions as compared to the groups of laboratory‐confirmed H1N1‐related hospitalization and death, the ILI group, and the NM population.ConclusionsThe outpatient laboratory‐confirmed group may reflect provider testing practices and potentially healthcare‐seeking behavior and access to care, rather than influenza burden and distribution in NM during the H1N1 pandemic.

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“…Attack rates were highest in the young, pregnant women and young adults were more vulnerable to severe illness, and three-fourths of deaths occurred in individuals with underlying illnesses. 5,6 It has been suggested that cross-reactive immunity from prior influenza infections by other strains in older individuals may have had some protective effect, which would explain the vulnerability of younger individuals. The common thread is that immunocompromised persons unable to mount effective primary or recall immune responses would be particularly vulnerable and certainly the HCT recipient is the poster child for an inability to mount effective immune responses early after HCT or even later, especially with graft-versus-host disease or poor graft function.…”

Section: Pandemic Influenza: Was the Concern Warranted? -------------mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pandemic influenza: was the concern warranted?

Wingard

2011

Blood

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Epidemiology of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Deaths in the United States, April-July 2009

Cited by 82 publications

References 14 publications

Quantifying the mortality caused by the H1N1 influenza virus during the 2009 pandemic in Mexico

Quantifying the mortality caused by the H1N1 influenza virus during the 2009 pandemic in Mexico

Does outpatient laboratory testing represent influenza burden and distribution in a rural state?

Pandemic influenza: was the concern warranted?

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