Epilepsy—Definition, Classification, Pathophysiology, and Epidemiology

Falco-Walter, Jessica

doi:10.1055/s-0040-1718719

Cited by 183 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder that impacts about 1%-2% of the world's population [1]. Epilepsy is accompanied with cognitive deficits which negatively influence life's quality [2] and about one third of patients with epilepsy show resistance to the established lines of treatment [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of vanillic acid on pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats: Nrf2/HO-1, IGF-1 signaling pathways cross talk

El-Hefnawy¹,

Yehia²,

Nashar³

et al. 2022

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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Vanillic acid (VA) exhibited antioxidant and neuroprotective properties in some neurodegenerative disorders. So, the current study examined the neuroprotective potential of VA as an antiepileptic agent in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic rats and the prospective role of Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and nuclear factor-2 erythroid-related factor-2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway in this respect. Thirty male albino rats were equally subdivided into 3 groups; (1) normal control (NC) group, (2) PTZ-group: received PTZ (50 mg/Kg, i.p. every other day) for 14 days, and (3) PTZ + VA group: received PTZ and VA (50 mg/Kg daily for 2 weeks). The seizure score and latency were evaluated a ter PTZ injection. Also, the markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, and reduced glutathione (GSH)), histopathological examination, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (a marker of astrocytes) IGF-1, Nrf2, and HO-1 were assessed in the brain tissues by the end of the experiment. PTZ caused significant decrease in seizure latency and significant increase in seizure score by the end of the experiment (p < 0.01). This was associated with significant increase in MDA and GFAP with significant decrease in GSH, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and IGF-1 in brain tissues compared to normal group (p < 0.01). On the other hand, treatment with VA caused significant attenuation in PTZ-induced seizures which was associated with significant improvement in oxidative stress markers and downregulation in GFAP and upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1 and IGF-1 in CA3 hippocampal region (p < 0.01). VA showed neuroprotective and anti-epileptic e fects against PTZ-induced epilepsy which probably might be due to its antioxidant properties and upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and IGF-1.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of vanillic acid on pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats: Nrf2/HO-1, IGF-1 signaling pathways cross talk

El-Hefnawy¹,

Yehia²,

Nashar³

et al. 2022

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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“…Seizures are the result of abnormal synchronous neuronal excitation within the brain with etiologies including genetic predisposition, injury, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative diseases ( Falco-Walter, 2020 ). The prevalence of epilepsy is between 50.4 to 81.7 per 100,000 persons annually and continues to rise as advances in healthcare lead to increased survivability of traumatic head injuries, stroke, and increased lifespans ( GBD 2016 Epilepsy Collaborators, 2019 ).…”

Section: Cannabinoid Involvement In Central Nervous System Diseases A...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicinal Cannabis and Central Nervous System Disorders

2022

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Cannabinoids, including those found in cannabis, have shown promise as potential therapeutics for numerous health issues, including pathological pain and diseases that produce an impact on neurological processing and function. Thus, cannabis use for medicinal purposes has become accepted by a growing majority. However, clinical trials yielding satisfactory endpoints and unequivocal proof that medicinal cannabis should be considered a frontline therapeutic for most examined central nervous system indications remains largely elusive. Although cannabis contains over 100 + compounds, most preclinical and clinical research with well-controlled dosing and delivery methods utilize the various formulations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the two most abundant compounds in cannabis. These controlled dosing and delivery methods are in stark contrast to most clinical studies using whole plant cannabis products, as few clinical studies using whole plant cannabis profile the exact composition, including percentages of all compounds present within the studied product. This review will examine both preclinical and clinical evidence that supports or refutes the therapeutic utility of medicinal cannabis for the treatment of pathological pain, neurodegeneration, substance use disorders, as well as anxiety-related disorders. We will predominately focus on purified THC and CBD, as well as other compounds isolated from cannabis for the aforementioned reasons but will also include discussion over those studies where whole plant cannabis has been used. In this review we also consider the current challenges associated with the advancement of medicinal cannabis and its derived potential therapeutics into clinical applications.

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“…It is one of the most frequent neurological disorders, involving about 50 million people worldwide, mainly in developing countries. It shows a U-shaped distribution in terms of age, with a first peak during middle childhood (5–9 years) and a second one around 80 years of age, affecting all races and both genders [ 2 ]. While childhood-onset epilepsy is more likely to be idiopathic, late-onset epilepsy is likely to be due to an identifiable cause, including trauma, central nervous system (CNS) infections, space-occupying lesions, cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), metabolic disorders, and drugs [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is It Time to Test the Antiseizure Potential of Palmitoylethanolamide in Human Studies? A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence

et al. 2022

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Antiseizure medications are the cornerstone pharmacotherapy for epilepsy. They are not devoid of side effects. In search for better-tolerated antiseizure agents, cannabinoid compounds and other N-acylethanolamines not directly binding cannabinoid receptors have drawn significant attention. Among these, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has shown neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. All studies examining PEA’s role in epilepsy and acute seizures were systematically reviewed. Preclinical studies indicated a systematically reduced PEA tone accompanied by alterations of endocannabinoid levels. PEA supplementation reduced seizure frequency and severity in animal models of epilepsy and acute seizures, in some cases, similarly to available antiseizure medications but with a better safety profile. The peripheral-brain immune system seemed to be more effectively modulated by subchronic pretreatment with PEA, with positive consequences in terms of better responding to subsequent epileptogenic insults. PEA treatment restored the endocannabinoid level changes that occur in a seizure episode, with potential preventive implications in terms of neural damage. Neurobiological mechanisms for PEA antiseizure effect seemed to include the activation of the endocannabinoid system and the modulation of neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity. Although no human study was identified, there is ground for testing the antiseizure potential of PEA and its safety profile in human studies of epilepsy.

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Epilepsy—Definition, Classification, Pathophysiology, and Epidemiology

Cited by 183 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of vanillic acid on pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats: Nrf2/HO-1, IGF-1 signaling pathways cross talk

Effect of vanillic acid on pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats: Nrf2/HO-1, IGF-1 signaling pathways cross talk

Medicinal Cannabis and Central Nervous System Disorders

Is It Time to Test the Antiseizure Potential of Palmitoylethanolamide in Human Studies? A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence

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