Epoxidation of cottonseed oil by aqueous hydrogen peroxide catalysed by liquid inorganic acids

Response surface methodology for optimization of bio‐lubricant basestock synthesis from high free fatty acids castor oil

“…From the figures, it can be depicted with an increase in both temperature and substrate molar ratio, there was a progressive increase in the OOC which indicates that both the variables have a significant interaction between each other. However, the decrease in OOC was noticed beyond 60°C [39] and substrate molar ratio 1.5. Derawi et al [50] reported that the rate of epoxidation increased as the concentration of hydrogen peroxide increased in the system, but the stability of oxirane rings was poor at higher substrate molar ratios [51].…”

“…Likewise, altering the catalyst loading from 5 to 25% roaring in the epoxide content was observed up to 15 wt%. Beyond which inadequate OOC was noticed due to excess catalyst loading, which leads to oxirane cleavage [39]. However, under a given reaction condition and 15 wt% catalyst loading, it is assumed that reaction is free from mass transfer resistance and the maximum OOC can be obtained at a moderate reaction temperature of 60°C [39].…”

“…Beyond which inadequate OOC was noticed due to excess catalyst loading, which leads to oxirane cleavage [39]. However, under a given reaction condition and 15 wt% catalyst loading, it is assumed that reaction is free from mass transfer resistance and the maximum OOC can be obtained at a moderate reaction temperature of 60°C [39]. Hence, 15 wt% catalyst loading and 60°C temperature was considered as the optimum parameters for subsequent experimentation.…”

“…Further, Salimon et al [38] also discussed the synthesis of ricinoleic acid epoxide and its characterization. Likewise, Salih et al [14] described the synthesis of biolubricant basestocks from chemically modified ricinoleic acid-based tetra-esters via epoxidation, ring opening, and esterification reactions [39]. Recently, Hajar et al [32] reported the production of biolubricant from castor oil substrate using novozyme 435.…”

Technological aspects of vegetable oils epoxidation in the presence of ion exchange resins: a review

“…These compounds exhibit a higher quality and they fi nd a more versatile application, particularly in products with the iodine number below 10 g/100 g 1- 3 . The epoxidation processes of vegetable oils have been carried out by the reactions of carboxylic peracids in the presence of mineral acids 4 or strongly acidic ion exchange resins 5 (industrial methods) as the catalysts. The carboxylic peracids can be formed in situ in an epoxidation reactor.…”