Epoxy Resins

Higgins, Claire; Cahill, Jennifer; Jolanki, R; Nixon, Rosemary

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68617-2_51

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 196 publications

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“…In contrast, concomitant reactions to at least one amine hardener were documented twice as often in painters sensitized to epoxy resin of the current study group (35%) as in the previous IVDK study cohort (19%, difference significant) 27 . The frequency of face/airborne dermatitis is known to be increased in patients sensitized to hardeners such as MXDA, 24 which is related to its volatile properties and might be true in painters as well. In patients of the study group not sensitized to epoxy resin, a considerable number of positive reactions to reactive diluents and hardeners of epoxy resin systems were observed, confirming that testing only epoxy resin in the baseline series is not sufficient in these patients.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…Epoxy resin chemicals, which could be contained as binders in paints and varnishes, 1,23 are increasingly used in epoxy‐based coatings (floor, wall, bodywork, etc), which explains the high frequency of epoxy resin sensitization in painters. Epoxy resin, patch tested in the DKG baseline series, is a bisphenol type A diglycidyl ether, which serves as a marker for both bisphenol type A and F sensitization 24 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occupational contact dermatitis in painters and varnishers: Data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2000 to 2019

et al. 2021

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Introduction Painters and varnishers (“painters”) are exposed to various contact allergens and skin irritants, and therefore, are at risk for developing occupational dermatitis (OD). Objective To describe the spectrum of occupational sensitizations in painters and revise the corresponding current patch test recommendations. Patients and Methods Retrospective analysis of Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) data from 2000 to 2019 with focus on male painters with OD, ages 20‐59 years (n = 557) in comparison to age‐matched male painters without OD (n = 422) and male OD patients who have had never worked as painters (n = 13 862). Results Male painters with OD have a significantly higher rate of allergic contact dermatitis and face dermatitis than male patients with OD who work in other professions. Positive patch tests to epoxy resin, methylisothiazolinone (MI), and methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI)/MI were significantly more frequent in painters with OD than in the other groups. Epoxy resin sensitization was significantly associated with face dermatitis. Conclusions Epoxy resin, MI, and MCI/MI represent the most important occupational sensitizers in painters. In addition to baseline, resins and glues, and industrial biocides series, the patients' own workplace materials should be tested in painters with suspected OD.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational contact dermatitis in painters and varnishers: Data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2000 to 2019

et al. 2021

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“…As regards epoxy hardeners, MXDA elicited the greatest number of positive reactions, which is in line with the results of previous studies. 1,4,16 Most of our patients with allergies to either of the new epoxy hardener compounds had a concomitant reaction to MXDA and had been using products containing MXDA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of patients with occupational allergy to two new epoxy hardener compounds

et al. 2022

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Background The practical importance of two recently described epoxy hardener allergens—1,3‐benzenedimethanamine, N‐(2‐phenylethyl) derivatives (1,3‐BDMA‐D) and hydrogenated formaldehyde benzenamine polymer (FBAP)—as occupational allergens remains to be defined. Objectives To describe patients diagnosed at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) with positive reactions to 1,3‐BDMA‐D or FBAP. Methods We searched FIOH's patch‐test files from January 2017 to December 2020 for patients examined due to suspected occupational contact allergy to epoxy compounds. We analyzed the patch‐test results and sources of exposure to various epoxy hardeners and focused on occupations, symptoms, and the sources of exposure to 1,3‐BDMA‐D and FBAP. Results During the study period, 102 patients were examined at FIOH for suspected occupational contact allergy to epoxy compounds. Of these, 19 (19%) were diagnosed with contact allergy to 1,3‐BDMA‐D (n = 10) or FBAP (n = 12). The largest occupational group was sewage pipe reliners (n = 8). Seven different hardener products contained FBAP, whereas 1,3‐BDMA‐D was present in only one hardener used by spray painters. Conclusions A substantial number of patients with suspected occupational epoxy resin system allergy tested positive to in‐house test substances of 1,3‐BDMA‐D and/or FBAP.

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“…2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone is a UV photoinitiator detected in sample CM2 [29]. 4-tert-butylphenyl glycidyl ether, which was present in sample CM3, is a reactive diluent used to reduce the viscosity of epoxy resins in order to improve polymerization [63].…”

Section: Hs-spme-gc-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Polyester Coatings Intended for Food Contact by Different Analytical Techniques and Migration Testing by LC-MSn

et al. 2022

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Polymeric coating formulations may contain different components such as cross-linking agents, resins, lubricants, and solvents, among others. If the reaction process or curing conditions are not applied in a proper way, these components may remain unreacted in the polymeric network and could be released and migrate into foods. In this study, several polyester coatings intended for food contact were investigated. Firstly, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer and confocal Raman microscopy were used to identify the type of coating. Then, different techniques, including gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), among others, were used to investigate the potential volatile and non-volatile migrants. Moreover, migration assays were carried out to evaluate the presence of monomers and to tentatively identify possible oligomers below 1000 Da. The analyses were performed by liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-MSn). Using the information collected from each analytical technique, it was possible to elucidate some of the starting substances used in the formulation of the polyester coatings analyzed in this study. In migration tests, several polyester oligomers were tentatively identified for which there is not toxicological data available and, therefore, no migration limits established to date.

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Epoxy Resins

Cited by 11 publications

References 196 publications

Occupational contact dermatitis in painters and varnishers: Data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2000 to 2019

Occupational contact dermatitis in painters and varnishers: Data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2000 to 2019

Characterization of patients with occupational allergy to two new epoxy hardener compounds

Characterization of Polyester Coatings Intended for Food Contact by Different Analytical Techniques and Migration Testing by LC-MSn

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