Equilibrium Charge States of Br and I Ions in Solids and Gases in the Energy Range 10-180 MeV

Charge States and Charge-Changing Cross Sections of Fast Heavy Ions Penetrating Through Gaseous and Solid Media

“…They show that the universal depen--2/3 dence of q on u/Z is obtained only for large values of Z, whereas the function of f changes for smaller Z. In the cases which they present, Z = "6 and Z = 10, q/Z decreases by approxi- Moak et al (1968), Datz et al (1971) and Wittkower (1972). In order to facilitate an analysis of the dependence of q on Z, Table V.l contains also some results for sulphur, chlorine and argon ions.…”

“…However, it has been consistently observed that the equilibrium thickness , x increases with the energy of the projectiles. For example, in 2 a carbon foil x increases for bromine ions from ^5 Ajg/cm oo ' ^ at 40-MeV to ^25 yug/cm 2 at 140-MeV (Moak et al , 1968 Williams (1939Williams ( , 1940, as discussed by Bethe and Ashkin (1953),…”

“…Table IV.1 and originate from Betz et al (1971a) and Betz and Wittkower (1972a). from Moak et al ( , 1968. All distributions are influenced by density effects; from Ryding et al(1969b) and Wittkower and Ryding (1971).…”

“…Systematic measurements have been performed by the groups at Heidelberg (Betz et al, 1966;Moller et al, 1968), Oak Ridge (Moak et al, 1968;Datz et al, 1970), and Burlington-Cambridge Betz and Wittkower, 1972a) with energetic beams of arsenic, bromine, and iodine. These and other results are listed in Table IV (Dmitriev et al, 1962b) .…”

“…(1961a) 12 Nikolaev et al (1962b) 13 Ryding et al (1969a) 14 Wittkower and Betz (1971b) 15 Ryding et al (1971b) 16 Franzke et al (1972) ( (Moak et al 1968) and Heidelberg (Betz et al 1966, and Moller et al 1968 (Ryding et al 1969b) for charge state measurements with gaseous or solid targets. Detailed characteristics of the differentially pumped gas cell are listed in Table III Table IV.1 and originate from Angert et al (1968) and Moller et al-(1968).…”