Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) – epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: A brief review

Patel, Jay; Heldens, J.G.M.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.018

Cited by 245 publications

(234 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…We are planning future studies, which shall concentrate on comparative efficacy studies using different (recombinant) vaccines and routes of application. Two groups of four dogs were vaccinated s.c. twice in a 27 day interval with 2.4 × 10 6 PFU and 4.1×10 6 PFU of rH_EIV at day 0 and 28 respectively, or mock-vaccinated with resuspension buffer. (A) The relative percentage of serum inhibition was determined by an inhibition ELISA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of a vectored equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine expressing H3 haemagglutinin in the protection of dogs against canine influenza

Rosas

Walle

Metzger

et al. 2008

Vaccine

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In 2004, canine influenza virus (CIV) was identified as a respiratory pathogen of dogs for the first time and is closely related to H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV). We generated a recombinant vectored vaccine that expresses H3 of a recent isolate of EIV using equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) as the delivery vehicle. This EHV-1 vectored vaccine exhibited robust and stable EIV H3 expression and induced a strong influenza virus-specific response in both mice and dogs upon intranasal or subcutaneous administration. Furthermore, upon challenge with the recent CIV isolate A/canine/PA/ 10915-07, protection of vaccinated dogs could be demonstrated by a significant reduction in clinical sings, and, more importantly, by a significant reduction in virus shedding. We concluded that the EHV-1/H3 recombinant vector can be a valuable alternative for protection of dogs against clinical disease induced by CIV and can significantly reduce spread.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an Alphaherpesvirus of the genus Varicellovirus and predominates in the horse population as a respiratory pathogen, occasionally causing abortions and neurological disease [6,7]. The EHV-1 modified-live virus vaccine strain RacH is commonly used to vaccinate horses against EHV-1 in Europe and in the US.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a vectored equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine expressing H3 haemagglutinin in the protection of dogs against canine influenza

Rosas

Walle

Metzger

et al. 2008

Vaccine

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“…Although EHV-1 and EHV-4 are genetically very similar, there are a number of important differences in their pathogenesis and epidemiology. Infection with EHV-4 is most commonly associated with upper respiratory tract disease, but is also occasionally associated with abortion (Allen et al, 2004;Patel & Heldens, 2005). Infection with EHV-1 also causes respiratory disease but infection frequently progresses beyond the upper respiratory tract to result in systemic disease, including abortion and myeloencephalitis (Allen et al, 2004;Edington et al, 1991;Patel & Heldens, 2005;Studdert et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infection with EHV-4 is most commonly associated with upper respiratory tract disease, but is also occasionally associated with abortion (Allen et al, 2004;Patel & Heldens, 2005). Infection with EHV-1 also causes respiratory disease but infection frequently progresses beyond the upper respiratory tract to result in systemic disease, including abortion and myeloencephalitis (Allen et al, 2004;Edington et al, 1991;Patel & Heldens, 2005;Studdert et al, 2003). Sero-epidemiological studies have revealed a high prevalence of antibodies to EHV-4 in horse populations in different countries, including over 99 % sero-positivity in mares and foals tested on a large Thoroughbred stud farm in New South Wales, Australia (Gilkerson et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of widespread natural recombination among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 4 but not among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 1

Vaz

Horsington

Hartley

et al. 2016

Journal of General Virology

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Recombination in alphaherpesviruses allows evolution to occur in viruses that have an otherwise stable DNA genome with a low rate of nucleotide substitution. High-throughput sequencing of complete viral genomes has recently allowed natural (field) recombination to be studied in a number of different alphaherpesviruses, however, such studies have not been applied to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) or equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4). These two equine alphaherpesviruses are genetically similar, but differ in their pathogenesis and epidemiology. Both cause economically significant disease in horse populations worldwide. This study used highthroughput sequencing to determine the full genome sequences of EHV-1 and EHV-4 isolates (11 and 14 isolates, respectively) from Australian or New Zealand horses. These sequences were then analysed and examined for evidence of recombination. Evidence of widespread recombination was detected in the genomes of the EHV-4 isolates. Only one potential recombination event was detected in the genomes of the EHV-1 isolates, even when the genomes from an additional 11 international EHV-1 isolates were analysed. The results from this study reveal another fundamental difference between the biology of EHV-1 and EHV-4. The results may also be used to help inform the future safe use of attenuated equine herpesvirus vaccines.

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“…After exposure, EHV-1 replicates in the upper respiratory tract. This can be associated with respiratory disorders, characterised by fever, anorexia, nasal discharge of varying severity and ocular discharge (Patel and Heldens, 2005), or the infection can be silent (Foote et al, 2006). Replication is followed by a leukocyte-associated viremia which enables EHV-1 to reach internal organs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro susceptibility of six isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 to acyclovir, ganciclovir, cidofovir, adefovir, PMEDAP and foscarnet

Garré

Meulen

Nugent

et al. 2007

Veterinary Microbiology

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Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an important equine pathogen that causes respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death and paralysis. Although vaccines are available, they are not fully protective and outbreaks of disease may occur in vaccinated herds. Therefore, there is an urgent need for effective antiviral treatment. For three abortigenic (94P247, 97P70 and 99P96) and three neuropathogenic isolates (97P82, 99P136 and 03P37), the effect of acyclovir, ganciclovir, cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-2,6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and foscarnet on plaque number was studied. Additionally, for isolate 97P70, the effect on plaque size was investigated. Ganciclovir was most potent in reducing plaque number, followed by PMEDAP and acyclovir. Adefovir and cidofovir were less effective and foscarnet was the least effective compound. There were no differences detected for acyclovir, ganciclovir, adefovir and PMEDAP between the abortigenic and neuropathogenic isolates. One abortigenic isolate (99P96) was more susceptible to cidofovir and two neuropathogenic isolates (99P136 and 03P37) were less susceptible to foscarnet. For isolate 97P70, all compounds resulted in a significant reduction of plaque size. The most remarkable effect was observed for cidofovir. It was 40-fold more effective in reducing plaque size than in reducing plaque number. In conclusion, ganciclovir was the most potent compound and therefore, may be a valuable candidate for the treatment of EHV-1 infections in horses. The antiviral effect of foscarnet on plaque number was highly dependent on the viral isolate tested. Therefore, it is no valuable antiviral for the treatment of herpesvirus-infections. Cidofovir, although less effective in reducing plaque number, had a strong effect on plaque size. #

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Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) – epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: A brief review

Cited by 245 publications

References 75 publications

Evaluation of a vectored equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine expressing H3 haemagglutinin in the protection of dogs against canine influenza

Evaluation of a vectored equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine expressing H3 haemagglutinin in the protection of dogs against canine influenza

Evidence of widespread natural recombination among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 4 but not among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 1

In vitro susceptibility of six isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 to acyclovir, ganciclovir, cidofovir, adefovir, PMEDAP and foscarnet

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