Eradication of B-ALL using chimeric antigen receptor–expressing T cells targeting the TSLPR oncoprotein

Qin, Haiying; Cho, Monica; Haso, Waleed; Zhang, Ling; Tasian, Sarah K.; Oo, Htoo Zarni; Negri, Gian Luca; Lin, Yongshun; Zou, Jizhong; Mallon, Barbara S.; Maude, Shannon L.; Teachey, David T.; Barrett, David M.; Orentas, Rimas J.; Daugaard, Mads; Sorensen, Poul H.; Grupp, Stephan A.; Fry, Terry J.

doi:10.1182/blood-2014-11-612903

Cited by 115 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The experimental examination of this hypothesis is challenging, because mouse TSLP is not reactive with the human TSLP receptor (67). The hypothesis suggests that targeting TSLP [for example, by the novel anti-TSLP antibodies (68)] or the TSLP receptor [by for example, CRLF2 antibodies or CAR-T cells (69,70)] may be a useful additional therapy-better than JAK inhibition-to prevent relapse in patients with DS and sporadic CRLF2 pos ALL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppressors and activators of JAK-STAT signaling at diagnosis and relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Down syndrome

Schwartzman

Savino

Gombert

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Children with Down syndrome (DS) are prone to development of high-risk B-cell precursor ALL (DS-ALL), which differs genetically from most sporadic pediatric ALLs. Increased expression of cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2), the receptor to thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), characterizes about half of DS-ALLs and also a subgroup of sporadic "Philadelphia-like" ALLs. To understand the pathogenesis of relapsed DS-ALL, we performed integrative genomic analysis of 25 matched diagnosis-remission and -relapse DSALLs. We found that the CRLF2 rearrangements are early events during DS-ALL evolution and generally stable between diagnoses and relapse. Secondary activating signaling events in the JAK-STAT/ RAS pathway were ubiquitous but highly redundant between diagnosis and relapse, suggesting that signaling is essential but that no specific mutations are "relapse driving." We further found that activated JAK2 may be naturally suppressed in 25% of CRLF2 pos DSALLs by loss-of-function aberrations in USP9X, a deubiquitinase previously shown to stabilize the activated phosphorylated JAK2. Interrogation of large ALL genomic databases extended our findings up to 25% of CRLF2 pos , Philadelphia-like ALLs. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of USP9X, as well as treatment with low-dose ruxolitinib, enhanced the survival of pre-B ALL cells overexpressing mutated JAK2. Thus, somehow counterintuitive, we found that suppression of JAK-STAT "hypersignaling" may be beneficial to leukemic B-cell precursors. This finding and the reduction of JAK mutated clones at relapse suggest that the therapeutic effect of JAK specific inhibitors may be limited. Rather, combined signaling inhibitors or direct targeting of the TSLP receptor may be a useful therapeutic strategy for DS-ALL.C hildren with Down syndrome (DS) are at a markedly increased risk for B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) (1). The poor survival of DS-ALL compared with ALL in children without DS ("sporadic" ALL) is related to increased treatment toxicity and to increased incidence of relapse (2). Thus, better therapy is needed for these patients.Previous studies by our group and others revealed differences between the genetics of DS-ALLs and of sporadic ALLs (3-6). The typical cytogenetic subgroups, ETV6-RUNX1 and hyperdiploid ALLs, are less common in DS-ALLs. Acquired somatic activation of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) pathway are present at diagnosis in about half of DS-ALLs. Aberrant expression of cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2) in these leukemias is caused by chromosomal rearrangements consisting either of a microdeletion on chromosome X, juxtaposing the promoter of P2RY8 with the coding region of CRLF2, or by a translocation of CRLF2 into the Ig heavy chain (IgH) locus. CRLF2 heterodimerizes with IL7 receptor-α (IL7R) to form the receptor to TSLP (reviewed in ref. 7). TSLP receptors signal by activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Interestingly, in the majority of DS-ALLs, SignificanceChildren with Down syndrome are at increased risk ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppressors and activators of JAK-STAT signaling at diagnosis and relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Down syndrome

Schwartzman

Savino

Gombert

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…This mechanism of toxicity can be minimized but not eliminated by an exhaustive search for expression of a targeted antigen on normal tissues during preclinical development of a CAR. [46][47][48] Examples of this mechanism of toxicity have been reported in the literature. In one study, 3 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received infusions of autologous T cells transduced with a CAR targeting carboxyanhydrase-IX experienced grade 3-4 increases in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or total bilirubin.…”

Section: -30mentioning

confidence: 97%

Toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cells: recognition and management

Brudno

Kochenderfer

2016

Blood

1,119

956

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Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells can produce durable remissions in hematologic malignancies that are not responsive to standard therapies. Yet the use of CAR T cells is limited by potentially severe toxicities. Early case reports of unexpected organ damage and deaths following CAR T-cell therapy first highlighted the possible dangers of this new treatment. CAR T cells can potentially damage normal tissues by specifically targeting a tumor-associated antigen that is also expressed on those tissues. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), a systemic inflammatory response caused by cytokines released by infused CAR T cells can lead to widespread reversible organ dysfunction. CRS is the most common type of toxicity caused by CAR T cells. Neurologic toxicity due to CAR T cells might in some cases have a different pathophysiology than CRS and requires different management. Aggressive supportive care is necessary for all patients experiencing CAR T-cell toxicities, with early intervention for hypotension and treatment of concurrent infections being essential. Interleukin-6 receptor blockade with tocilizumab remains the mainstay pharmacologic therapy for CRS, though indications for administration vary among centers. Corticosteroids should be reserved for neurologic toxicities and CRS not responsive to tocilizumab. Pharmacologic management is complicated by the risk of immunosuppressive therapy abrogating the antimalignancy activity of the CAR T cells. This review describes the toxicities caused by CAR T cells and reviews the published approaches used to manage toxicities. We present guidelines for treating patients experiencing CRS and other adverse events following CAR T-cell therapy.

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“…We hypothesized that the increased activity of switches with the PNE engrafted proximal to the antigen binding domain was the result of a decreased overall distance between the sCAR-T cell and target cell (32). To determine whether the distance could be further shortened to increase activity, we modified the hinge region of the sCAR itself (also referred to as the spacer domain), which connects the anti-PNE scFv to the transmembrane domain of the sCAR.…”

Section: Site and Valency Of Pne Engraftment Affects Scar-t-cell Potementioning

confidence: 99%

Switch-mediated activation and retargeting of CAR-T cells for B-cell malignancies

Rodgers

Mazagova

Hampton

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

343

328

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Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has produced impressive results in clinical trials for B-cell malignancies. However, safety concerns related to the inability to control CAR-T cells once infused into the patient remain a significant challenge. Here we report the engineering of recombinant antibody-based bifunctional switches that consist of a tumor antigen-specific Fab molecule engrafted with a peptide neo-epitope, which is bound exclusively by a peptide-specific switchable CAR-T cell (sCAR-T). The switch redirects the activity of the bio-orthogonal sCAR-T cells through the selective formation of immunological synapses, in which the sCAR-T cell, switch, and target cell interact in a structurally defined and temporally controlled manner. Optimized switches specific for CD19 controlled the activity, tissue-homing, cytokine release, and phenotype of sCAR-T cells in a dose-titratable manner in a Nalm-6 xenograft rodent model of B-cell leukemia. The sCAR–T-cell dosing regimen could be tuned to provide efficacy comparable to the corresponding conventional CART-19, but with lower cytokine levels, thereby offering a method of mitigating cytokine release syndrome in clinical translation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this methodology is readily adaptable to targeting CD20 on cancer cells using the same sCAR-T cell, suggesting that this approach may be broadly applicable to heterogeneous and resistant tumor populations, as well as other liquid and solid tumor antigens.

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Eradication of B-ALL using chimeric antigen receptor–expressing T cells targeting the TSLPR oncoprotein

Abstract: Key Points Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically modified to express anti-TSLPR chimeric antigen receptors can cure B-ALL in xenograft models. Anti-TSLPR CAR constructs containing a CH2CH3 spacer domain were inactive against TSLPR-overexpressing B-ALL.

Cited by 115 publications

References 51 publications

Suppressors and activators of JAK-STAT signaling at diagnosis and relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Down syndrome

Suppressors and activators of JAK-STAT signaling at diagnosis and relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Down syndrome

Toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cells: recognition and management

Switch-mediated activation and retargeting of CAR-T cells for B-cell malignancies

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