“…For the distributionsystem operator, this entails upgrades to the current physical system, which is difficult to estimate due to the limited availability of cost figures for intelligent infrastructure and the information and communication technologies needed for DR (Prüggler, 2013). Considering calculations from Meisl et al (2012), costs for demandresponse enabling infrastructure amount to about one thousand Euro for a single household (which is about 5 times the calculated cost of the smart meter rollout 26 per household in Sweden). This five-fold difference in cost is a result of integrating information and communication technology, specifically a micro-grid controller and sensors and actuators (Prüggler, 2013;Meisl et al, 2012).…”