Erosion products from the cathode spot region of a copper vacuum arc

Tuma, D. T.; Chen, C. L.; Davies, David K.

doi:10.1063/1.325386

Cited by 180 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The parallel-plane electrode system and dielectric discharge chamber were used here (see Fig. 4 in the report [ 11). The discharge current closes to the plane anode so that controlling the anode current density we have a chance to obtain discharge both with the anode spots and without that.…”

Section: Discharge Features For Different Constructions Of Electrode mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The duration or" isothermal holding of melt under HTTM w a s decreased t o [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] min.…”

Section: Analysis Of Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in opposition to external electric field direction. There are a number of publications where the data on measurements on fast ion fluxes are presented [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. However, a conventionally accepted mechanism to treat this phenomenon, even on qualitative level, is absent by now.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the last [10][11][12][13][14][15] years the new trenas of technoiogy for superaiiovs proauction nave be deveiopea on the basis of new investigation of structurai -sensibie properties or" the meits ana on principies or" non-metailic inciusions formation. The constant scientists rivairv of Moscow Steei ana Aiiovs Institute iMISiS?…”

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confidence: 99%

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Materials and process engineering projects for the Sandia National Laboratories/Newly Independent States Industrial Partnering Program. Volume 2

Zanner¹,

Moffatt²

1995

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Section: Discharge Features For Different Constructions Of Electrode mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The duration or" isothermal holding of melt under HTTM w a s decreased t o [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] min.…”

Section: Analysis Of Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Materials and process engineering projects for the Sandia National Laboratories/Newly Independent States Industrial Partnering Program. Volume 2

Zanner¹,

Moffatt²

1995

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“…It is a fundamental characteristic of vacuum arc discharges that along with the dense metal plasma, a flux of 'macroparticles' ('macros') is also produced [1,2,19] . These are small metal globules, of dimension typically in the range 0.1 to 10 pm, formed from the cathode during the same explosive emission process that generates the plasma, initially molten and rapidly solidified in flight.…”

Section: Macroparticle R M V a Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in vacuum arc ion sources

Brown

Anders

et al. 1996

Surface and Coatings Technology

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Intense beams of metal ions can be formed fiom a vacuum arc ion source. This kind of source works well for most of the solid metals of the periodic table, and because the ions are in general multiply stripped with charge states as high as 4+ to 6+, the mean energy of the ion beam produced can be 100 -200 keV for extractor voltage in the comfortable range of about 50 -75 kV. Broadbeam extraction is convenient, and the time-averaged ion beam current delivered downstream can readily be in the tens of milliamperes range. The vacuum arc ion source has for these reasons found good .application for metallurgical surface modification -it provides relatively simple and inexpensive access to high dose metal ion implantation. Several important source developments have been demonstrated recently, including very broad beam operation, macroparticle removal, charge state enhancement, and formation of gaseous beams. We have made a very broad beam source embodiment with beam formation electrodes 50 cm in diameter (area 2000 cm2), producing a beam of width -35 cm for a nominal beam area of -1000 cm2, and a pulsed Ti beam current of about 7 A was formed at a mean ion energy of -100 keV. Separately, we've developed high efficiency macroparticle-removing magnetic filters and incorporated such a filter into a vacuum arc 1 ion source so as to form macroparticle-free ion beams. Jointly . IntroductionThe vacuum arc metal ion source provides a convenient and relatively inexpensive tool for carrying out metal ion implantation in a mode that is suitable for many different kinds of surface modification applications. High current beams of metal ions are formed from the dense, highly ionized metal plasma that is generated by a vacuum arc discharge embodied within the ion source configuration. The plasma physics of ion production in vacuum arc plasmas [l-41 and the approaches taken for incorporating this kind of plasma within an ion source 15-81 have been described in detail elsewhere. Vacuum-arc-based ion sources have been developed at many laboratories around the world [5,9], mostly for ion implantation and particle accelerator injection.As the subfield has grown and attracted workers to the area, so also the range of application variations, hardware embodiments, and performance objectives has expanded. Sources have been developed from very small up to quite large systems and with ion beam currents from a few milliamperes up to several amperes. More recently, a number of novel and advantageous source developments have been made. Here we report on several of these advances that are of particular relevance to ion implantation application. In the following, we firstly briefly review the fundamental characteristics of vacuum arc ion sources, and then describe some of the specific advances made together with the ion beam characterization results obtained . BackgroundThe vacuum arc ion source is, in essence, simplicity itself. A vacuum arc plasma source, typically but not necessarily of cylindrical symmetq and repetitively pulsed, is ap...

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Properties of Nanocrystalline CuCr50 Contact Material

et al. 2005

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CuCr alloys are the predominant contact materials for medium-voltage, high-current vacuum interrupters (VIs) due to the unique combination of the properties of the two constituents. [1] With the decreasing of the grain size, the properties of the CuCr materials can be improved significantly. Rieder et al. reported that the maximum chopping current decreased and the breakdown field increased significantly when the size of Cr particles in CuCr contact materials were reduced from about 150 to 36 lm. [2] The microstructure of conventional CuCr materials prepared by powder metallurgy mainly depends on original Cu and Cr powders. CuCr materials, manufactured by arc melting with a grain size of 15±30 lm, have better performance than that of conventional CuCr materials with a grain size 74±150 lm. [3] Because of the limitation of cooling rate, the grain size of the CuCr contact materials manufactured by arc melting technique cannot be fine further. Mechanical milling/alloying, which was first developed by Benjamin for the production of complex oxide dispersion strengthened alloys, is found to be particularly suitable for yielding relatively large quantities of the powders with nanocrystalline grains. [4] In this paper, nanocrystalline CuCr50(nc-CuCr50) contact material were prepared by mechanical alloying and hot press sintering techniques(HPS). The properties and microstructure as well as surface morphology of nc-CuCr50 prepared by HPS after arcing were investigated.Results: Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of the original and milled Cu, Cr powders and the nc-CuCr50 sample. The diffraction peaks of Cu and Cr powders were broadened and lowered significantly after high energy milling, indicating a decreasing of the grain size. For the nc-CuCr50 specimen, the intensity of diffraction peaks is similar to that of milled powder, the broadened and lowered peaks show that the grain size is small. Based on TEM results, as shown in Figure 2, the grain size was less than 50 nm, which is in good agreement with the results of XRD. COMMUNICATIONS

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Erosion products from the cathode spot region of a copper vacuum arc

Cited by 180 publications

References 12 publications

Materials and process engineering projects for the Sandia National Laboratories/Newly Independent States Industrial Partnering Program. Volume 2

Materials and process engineering projects for the Sandia National Laboratories/Newly Independent States Industrial Partnering Program. Volume 2

Recent advances in vacuum arc ion sources

Properties of Nanocrystalline CuCr50 Contact Material

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