Erratum to: Invasion and colonization of mature apple fruit by Erwinia amylovora tagged with bioluminescence genes

Infection frequency of mature apple fruit with Erwinia amylovora deposited on pedicels and its survival in the fruit stored at low temperature

“…E. amylovora can migrate both in the phloem and in the xylem vessels of apple (Gowda and Goodman 1970;Suhayda and Goodman 1981). Our previous report showed that when the fruit-bearing twigs with a mature Jonagold fruit harvested in October were injuryinoculated with E. amylovora, the bacterium reached the abscission layer of the fruit and the petiole 13 cm distant from the inoculation site (Azegami et al 2004). We also stated that if E. amylovora reaches the abscission layer before formation of the layer is complete, it seems possible for E. amylovora to enter apple fruit from fruit-bearing twigs.…”

“…However, E. amylovora does spread vertically and horizontally along vascular examined healthy fruit with L-1 c fruit with L-1 c examined healthy fruit with L-1 c fruit with L-1 c examined d with L-1 c 1 8 6 8 4 0 5 6 56 0 6 0 3 7 4 5 0 2 4 4 7 2 8 1 9 5 0 6 7 0 1 2 5 8 4 3 1 0 3 3 3 0 a Nine days after pedicel inoculation, 142 infected fruit (86 at 10 5 cfu; 56 at 10 4 cfu) and 6 control fruit were put in closed boxes and stored at 5°C b Fruit were stored on October 31. On December 3 (1 month), January 29 (3 months), and April 27 (6 months), the fruit were taken from the refrigerator and examined for symptoms and survival of strain L-1 c Survival of strain L-1 was confirmed by luminance with a 2D-luminometer or by recovery of the strain d All fruit appeared healthy bundles in apple fruit and is distributed throughout the apple flesh (Azegami et al 2004). Therefore, the stamp method used in this study is effective for the detecting internal E. amylovora from apparently healthy fruit.…”

“…Strain ICMP1499 was tagged with bioluminescence genes (lux genes) by electroporation according to Azegami et al (2004). One of the strongly luminous transformants was selected and designated strain L-1.…”

“…Observation of inoculated fruit and recovery of strain L-1 On days 5, 7, and 9 after inoculation, the luminance of fruit was measured with a 2D-luminometer ARGUS-50 (Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan) as described in Azegami et al (2004). On day 7, four luminous fruit were randomly chosen from the fruit inoculated with 10 5 cfu and four from those inoculated with 10 4 cfu.…”

“…For countries free from fire blight, elucidating the means of dissemination is an important protection issue for preventing invasion of the disease. We found that E. amylovora deposited on the pedicels of mature apple fruit invaded and colonized the flesh (Azegami et al 2004). In this study, to examine the possibility of dissemination of E. amylovora via mature apple fruit, the infection frequency of mature apple fruit with E. amylovora deposited on pedicel and its survival in the fruit stored at a low temperature were investigated.…”