Error‐aware and energy‐efficient routing approach in MANETs

Abstract

SUMMARYThe lifetime of a network is the key design factor of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). To prolong the lifetime of MANETs, one is forced to attain a tradeoff of minimizing the energy consumption and load balancing. In MANETs, energy waste resulting from retransmission due to high bit error rate (BER) and high frame error rate (FER) of wireless channel is significant. In this paper, we propose two novel protocols termed multi-threshold routing protocol (MTRP) and enhanced multi-threshold routing protocol (EMTRP). MTRP divides the total energy of a wireless node into multiple ranges. The lower bound of each range corresponds to a threshold. The protocol iterates from the highest threshold to the lowest one and chooses those routes with bottleneck energy being larger than the current threshold during each iteration. This approach thus avoids overusing certain routes and achieves load balancing. If multiple routes satisfy the threshold constraint, MTRP selects a route with the smallest hop count to further attain energy efficiency. Based on MTRP, EMTRP further takes channel condition into consideration and selects routes with better channel condition and consequently reduces the number of retransmissions and saves energy. We analyze the average loss probability (ALP) of the uniform error model and Gilbert error model and give a distributed algorithm to obtain the maximal ALP along a route. Descriptions of MTRP and EMTRP are given in pseudocode form. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed EMTRP outperforms the representative protocol CMMBCR in terms of total energy consumption and load balancing.

PHAODV: Power aware heterogeneous routing protocol for MANETs

“…Previous and recent work on heterogeneous MANET routing protocols have not defined the heterogeneity clearly (AlAamri et al, 2010;Avudainayagam et al, 2003;Clausen and Jacquet, 2003;Fujiwara et al, 2012;Kunz, 2008;Liu et al, 2011;Souto et al, 2012;Stuedi, 2005;Tan et al, 2009;Xie et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2011). For some of them, a heterogeneous network is a network comprising mobile nodes with different energy supplies, different transmission powers, or different data rates (Avudainayagam et al, 2003;Liu et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2011;Xie et al, 2007).…”

A Novel Power Aware Heterogeneous Routing Protocol for MANETs

“…Previous and recent work on heterogeneous MANET routing protocols have not defined the heterogeneity clearly [3][6] [9][11] [12] [14][20] [21] [22][23] [24]. For some of them, a heterogeneous network is a network comprised of mobile nodes with different energy supplies, different transmission power, or different data rate [6] [14][24] [23].…”

Definition of an 802.11 Interface Management Process in a Proposed System for Transmission Capacity Enhancement in Wireless Mesh Networks

“…The centralized CA protocol of Robitzsch et al [17] facilitates an autonomously controlled entrance of a node into WMN, considering Adjacent-and Intercarrier Interference (A/I-CI). Less interference may lead to a reduced energy consumption in node batteries [18], which benefits mobility-oriented setups. Most CA approaches do not distinguish between orthogonal and overlapping channels.…”

“…is specified by the user, so the operator has full control over the degree of WLAN hardware utilization. This is also relevant for fully mobile mesh nodes, where energy consumption is a limiting factor [18]. A fallback threshold rate = / per radio is maintained in the Bundle Management Table. triggers the replacement of an active radio.…”