Escala de gravedad de daños en edificios. De la asignación directa a la contrastación estadística = Scale of severity of damages in buildings. From the direct assignment to the statistical contrastation

Abstract

Resumen Está firmemente demostrada la importancia de realizar mantenimiento preventivo en los edificios, para evitar que se degraden y aparezcan lesiones graves. También está demostrado que con el mantenimiento preventivo se ahorra dinero frente al mantenimiento correctivo. En el marco del mantenimiento cabe decir que, para realizar las inspecciones periódicas de los edificios, es de gran utilidad el poder cuantificar hasta qué punto las deficiencias existentes son graves o no, con objeto de facilitar la toma de decisiones y priorizar las intervenciones terapéuticas. De hecho, se han utilizado y utilizan numerosas escalas diferentes entre sí para valorar el grado de gravedad de los elementos constructivos. Pero no existe consenso común y estas escalas son diferentes entre sí según el estudio a que pertenezcan. Por ejemplo, en las diferentes normas ITE existentes en España se utilizan diferentes escalas y formas de valorar las deficiencias existentes y no hay consenso común en el método de valoración. El objetivo del presente artículo es proponer, en base a un largo y riguroso proceso metodológico, una escala que sirva para valorar el grado de gravedad de los daños en edificios, que pueda ser utilizada de manera generalizada. Abstract The importance of performing preventive maintenance on buildings is clearly demonstrated, in order to prevent them from deterioration and severe damages. It is also demonstrated that preventive maintenance saves money versus corrective maintenance. In the framework of maintenance, to make periodic inspections of the buildings is useful to quantify the extent to which deteriorations are severe or not, in order to facilitate decision making and prioritize interventions. To this purpose many scales have been used and are used to assess the severity of damage and deterioration of the building components. But it appears evident that there is not common consensus and these scales are different between them, according to the study they belong to. Everything referred shows the need to propose and validate a scale that serves to assess the degree of severity of construction elements in buildings, which is widely used. Therefore, the objective of this article is to propose, based on a long and rigorous methodological process, a scale that serves to assess the degree of severity of damage in buildings, which can be widely used.

Condition assessment of building façades based on hazard to people

“…In order to assess the damage caused by the impact of a detached element of façade, it is necessary that in the Equation 2the surface of the zone considered Sj is also involved. This is so because the same energy value may have associated cases with clearly different impact characteristics, as a function of Sj, due to the inverse relation existing in the surfaceimpact binomial (Ruiz, 2014a).…”

“…There are several deteriorations, such as loss of section in the brick masonry, fractures in cantilevered stone, carbonation of concrete and corrosion of reinforcements, debonding of the coating, loss of section of the rammed earth, corrosion of metal profiles, etc. These cases can be seen in detail in (Ruiz 2014a). In order to illustrate the variety of cases of the selected case studies, in Figure 18 there are 14 images of these seven cases, with two images (a and b) of each case, the first one corresponds to a general view and the second one (b) a detailed view of a specific facade area.…”

“…This scale is applied through the direct assignment methodology (DA), based on the generic definitions of each degree. In Ruiz (2014a) and in Ruiz et al (2019) is also demonstrated and characterized the existence of certain level of variability among technicians, when assigning gravity values using DA methodology, due to the fuzzy condition of the attribute to be evaluated. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to make an alternative proposal to the direct assignment method (DA) to evaluate the degree of gravity in building façades, based on objectively measurable parameters, in order to reduce as much as possible the degree of variability when assigning a certain degree of gravity G. More specifically, the proposal consists in the appropriate selection of objective and measurable indicators and the associated calculation methods.…”

“…There is no consensus and these scales are different, with different number of degrees and metrics, according to the study to which they belong (Ruiz et al 2019). In Ruiz (2014a) is proposed a scale of gravity of damages in buildings, with the aim of being of widespread and of common use among professionals. This scale is applied through the direct assignment methodology (DA), based on the generic definitions of each degree.…”

“…On May 6th of 1997, a 37 year old woman died when she was hit by a stone element from a façade on Trafalgar Street when she was accompanying her son to school. And on February 22nd of 1998, a 56 year old German tourist died when an artificial stone element of the façade, weighing 5kg hit her on the head from the 3rd floor while she was walking along the Passeig de Gràcia (Ruiz 2014a). In order to explain a more recent case, on August 20th of 2014, in Argüelles neighborhood in Madrid, the detachment of part of the coating of a balcony in a 8th floor impacted over two young men who were sitting on the terrace of a bar, on the street.…”