Esophageal Strictures

Amnesty International and Women's Rights

“…24 Furthermore, AI's work holds a solid reputation and great credibility among other leading human rights Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). 25 AI can thus be defined as a gatekeeper or "hub organization" 26 as far as the diffusion of norms is concerned, as its "choices have powerful demonstration effects, signaling that certain causes are important." 27 Second, as a democratic movement based on its members' engagement and contributions, AI lets its activists' beliefs about the essence of human rights largely define its work.…”

“…Rather, they treated those rights as special interests. 26 Human rights organizations were not the only institutions that prioritized the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Organizations such as Human Rights Watch (HRW) and AI also applied a narrow reading of the broad language of the Covenant.…”

“…Other authors have identified AI, and especially its headquarters, as a norm entrepreneur. Using a political approach to network theory, Lake and Wong (2009) 26 argued that AI's international network structure with a powerful central node, the International Secretariat, and a large grass-roots movement organized in national sections explained AI's prominent role in making individual claims to political and civil rights the dominant norm of the postwar human rights movement. 27 By concentrating on the early days of AI, they explained that AI's success "in setting the norms of human rights" 28 is a result of the IS's (as the central node of the network) ability "to control the content of the AI human rights agenda and [...] to attract new adherents."…”

“…The following section provides details on the data corpora containing all the data collected and generated over the duration of the study. As mentioned above, the data corpora consisted of three types of data, which were assembled concurrently: written first-hand archival materials, 26 interviews, and secondary literature. Including data from both the international and national levels, the corpora consisted of nearly 800 archive documents, 49 interviews, and 20 secondary publications.…”

“…There, in decision 10, the IC expressed its concern about the practice of FGM, considering it as "[…] causing permanent health risks and in many cases death or major damage to [the] health [of women]." 26 Decision 10 urged the IEC to include the issue in a study on governmental inaction, in order to clarify if and to what extent AI should include FGM in its promotional work and get involved in cases "where human rights abuses are inflicted by individual citizens on each other." 27 Further, the decision "instructs the IEC to present recommendation on this matter to the next ICM."…”