“…However, gastrointestinal autografts are limited due to donor site necrosis and various postsurgery complications (Liu, Yang, Zheng, Dong, & Zheng, ; Ludman & Spitz, ). Another strategy involves the use of allografts/xenografts consisting of acellular matrix, but this solution has various limitations, such as immunogenicity and the risk of disease transmission (Luc, Durand, Collet, Guillemot, & Bordenave, ). Therefore, there is increasing interest in oesophageal tissue engineering, which combines biomimetic polymeric scaffolds with autologous cells and is a promising treatment method for oesophageal diseases (Kuppan, Sethuraman, & Krishnan, ; Totonelli et al, ).…”