Espraiamento urbano e seus impactos nas desigualdades socioespaciais da acessibilidade ao trabalho em Fortaleza

Abstract

O espraiamento urbano é um fenômeno comum nas metrópoles brasileiras. A população de alta renda conduz um processo de autossegregação socioespacial que, combinado à periferização de segmentos de baixa renda, tem contribuído para o agravamento da problemática das desigualdades na acessibilidade às atividades urbanas. Esta pesquisa exploratória buscou investigar os efeitos do espraiamento residencial urbano sobre os níveis de acessibilidade às oportunidades de emprego em Fortaleza, e como esses efeitos impactam de forma desigual os distintos grupos socioeconômicos. Para tanto, propôs-se uma representação conceitual dessa problemática e sua caracterização a partir da definição e territorialização de indicadores agregados de uso do solo e de acessibilidade aos postos de trabalho. Os resultados apontam processos de descentralização distintos por grupo de renda, com distribuições desiguais e não equânimes do acesso às oportunidades de empregos, configurando Fortaleza como uma produção de duas cidades díspares e segregadas, a dos ricos e a dos pobres.

As desigualdades socioespaciais na acessibilidade ao trabalho em Fortaleza sob distintas métricas

“…This is a result of the limitations imposed on locational and travel decisions arising from this attribute. The processes of peripheralization of the low-income population to the West side of the city (Figure 1a), of residential decentralization of the high-income population to the East side (Figure 1b), and of job concentration in the Central region (Figure 1c) reinforce spatial mismatch (Lima et al, 2021), a term used to describe a broad set of geographic barriers that result from a disparity, or incompatibility, between where people live and where their respective employment opportunities are located (McLafferty, 2015).…”

“…The spatial mismatch problem, combined with the expansions of the road network on the East side of the city and of the public transportation network on its West side, has reinforced the socio-spatial inequalities in access to job opportunities in Fortaleza (Lima et al, 2021).…”

“…The Northwest and Northeast regions present a consolidated transportation infrastructure and are closer to the Central region, which provides its population with higher levels of accessibility than those in the Southern part of the city (Andrade et al, 2020). In addition, the process of residential peripheralization, coupled with a strong dependence of the low-income population on the public transportation network, force the most vulnerable groups to reside in areas with the worst levels of accessibility, while the high-income segments are located in the most privileged regions, thus characterizing a situation of inequality between income groups (Lima et al, 2021). through a single indicator is a complex task, making it challenging to characterize inequalities in access to job opportunities, which are expected to vary over space and across groups of individuals (Geurs, 2020).…”

“…Such challenge is re-lected in the variety of measures used to assess inequalities in access to activities in the context of different Brazilian metropolises. Lima et al (2021) used a measure based on travel times, modeled for the road and the public transportation networks of Fortaleza, to measure inequalities in access to jobs for different income groups. Location-based measures have also been widely used in analyses of socio-spatial inequalities of accessibility in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Curitiba, and Recife, through the use of cumulative opportunity indicators (Pereira et al, 2019;Pritchard et al, 2019;Slovic et al, 2019), gravity-based indicators (Boisjoly et al, 2020;Giannotti et al, 2021), or even measures that incorporate competitiveness for opportunities (Barboza et al, 2021;Bittencourt et al, 2021).…”

“…In common, these cities are characterized by a high concentration of jobs opportunities in their central regions (Pereira et al, 2019), along with a process of urban sprawl. In the case of Fortaleza, the 5 th most populated Brazilian metropolis, it has been observed a process of peripheralization by segregation imposed on low-income individuals, and of decentralization of the high-income population by self-segregation (Andrade et al, 2020;Lima et al, 2021), which contributes to the occurrence of the spatial mismatch phenomenon in the city. This problem has been worsening in the last two decades (Castro, 2019).…”