Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Garden Sage as a Function of Different Steam Distillation Times

Abstract

<jats:p>Garden sage (<jats:italic>Salvia officinalis</jats:italic> L.) is a medicinal, culinary, ornamental, and essential oil plant with a wide range of ecological adaptation. Garden sage essential oil traditionally is extracted by steam distillation from the above-ground biomass and has widespread applications as an aromatic agent in the food and pharmaceutical industries as well as in perfumery and cosmetics. The hypothesis of this study was that the steam distillation time (DT) may significantly affect essential oil yield and composition of garden sage and, therefore, DT could be used as a tool to obtain oil with different composition. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effect of various steam DTs (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 minutes) on garden sage oil yield and composition. Most of the oil in the garden sage dry herbage was extracted in 10-minute DT; extending DT up to 160 minutes did not significantly increase oil yields. Overall, 39 oil constituents were identified in the garden sage essential oil. Fourteen oil constituents with the highest concentration in the oil were selected for statistical analyses. Monoterpenes represented the major percentage (58.2% to 84.1%) of oil composition followed by sesquiterpenes (4.0% to 16.1%) and diterpenes (0.3% to 7.6%). Overall, the monoterpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, and limonene) were eluted early in the steam distillation process, which resulted in their high concentration in the oil at 5- to 10-minute DT and relatively low concentrations in the oil obtained at 160-minute DT. In general, the concentration of sesquiterpenes (β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and verdifloral) increased with increasing duration of the DT and reached their respective maximum concentrations in the oil at 160-minute DT. The relative concentrations of major constituents, camphor and cis-thujone, in the oil obtained at 2.5-minute DT were higher than in the oils obtained at longer DT. Therefore, if oil with high concentrations of camphor and cis-thujone is desirable, garden sage dried biomass ought to be steam distilled for 2.5 to 5 minutes and the oil collected. If oil with a high concentration of monoterpene hydrocarbons and a high concentration of oxygenated monoterpenes is desirable, then garden sage should be distilled for 20 minutes. If oil with a high concentration of the diterpene manool is desirable, then garden sage should be steam-distilled for 80 minutes. If oil with a high concentration of sesquiterpenes is desirable, then garden sage should be steam-distilled for 160 minutes. The duration of steam distillation can be used as an economical method to obtain garden sage oil with a different chemical composition. The regression models developed in this study can be used to predict garden sage oil yield and composition distilled for various amounts of time and to compare literature reports in which different durations of DT were used.</jats:p>

Chemical Composition and Anti-Candida Activity of Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. Essential Oils Obtained by Different Distillation Processes

“…This is consistent with some literature data reporting a 25-40% decrease in yield for some Cymbopogon EOs with increasing time [23]. Numerous studies have confirmed that EO yield decreases with time [24][25][26] or at least reaches equilibrium at some point without further increase [27][28][29]. There are also data from the literature suggesting different effects of drying on EO content [30], as some studies noted a significant decrease in yield [31], while others reported an increase [26].…”

Distillation of essential oils: An innovative technological approach focused on productivity, quality and sustainability

“…Thus, the study conducted by Rosa et al [ 32 ], as well as the results obtained in our work, demonstrate the importance of proposing new methodologies for the optimization of the steam distillation process, especially from an industrial point of view. In addition, because experiments are widely performed at the laboratory scale, it was noted that most of the articles involving the analysis of the EO extraction yield for lemongrass and another vegetal sources are presented as % [ 33 – 35 ]. This mode of presentation was found in the work performed by Boukhatem et al [ 36 ], which reported a yield of 0.6% after 15 minutes of extraction when attempting to obtain EO from lemongrass by means of the solvent-free microwave extraction technique.…”

Chemical Diversity of Essential Oil of Valeriana jatamansi from Different Altitudes of Himalaya and Distillation Methods

“…The outcome is noteworthy, and the result can be used to maximize the recovery of essential oil of V. jatamansi. The effects of duration of distillation time on recovery of essential oil have been reported in many aromatic plants [38,39,41,44,[52][53][54][55][56].…”