Essential oils to contrast biodeterioration of the external marble of Florence Cathedral

Santo, Alba Patrizia; Agostini, Beatrice; Cuzman, Oana Adriana; Michelozzi, Marco; Salvatici, Teresa; Perito, Brunella

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162913

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…However, some antimicrobial effects can be imputable to single components of EOs, particularly terpenes [ 50 ]. The chemical analysis of the two EOs used in previous and in the present work showed that T. vulgaris EO was marked by the presence of high amounts of p-cymene and thymol, while carvacrol was very abundant in O. vulgare EO [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The effect of the EOs and BiotinT on the growth of meristematic fungi was tested. We started from 0.025% ( v / v ) as the maximum concentration, since it inhibited the growth of the whole cultivable community of bacteria and filamentous fungi, inhabiting the SMFC marble in in vitro sensitivity tests [ 36 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous work, we applied EO-Origanum and EO-Thymus on selected areas of the external white marble of Florence Cathedral. The results revealed that their effectiveness against the microbial community inhabiting the darkened marble was remarkably similar to that of the broad-spectrum commercial biocide BiotinT [ 36 ]. We performed preliminary tests on the SMFC cultivable microbiota to verify the effectiveness of the EO treatment, testing the sensitivity of the whole cultivable community of bacteria and filamentous fungi inhabiting the SMFC white marble [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results revealed that their effectiveness against the microbial community inhabiting the darkened marble was remarkably similar to that of the broad-spectrum commercial biocide BiotinT [ 36 ]. We performed preliminary tests on the SMFC cultivable microbiota to verify the effectiveness of the EO treatment, testing the sensitivity of the whole cultivable community of bacteria and filamentous fungi inhabiting the SMFC white marble [ 36 ]. EO-Origanum and EO-Thymus revealed to be very effective in the sensitivity test against bacterial and fungal microbiota cultivated from marble: no colonies grew at a concentration of 0.025% v / v , 80-fold lower than that of the working solutions used for marble treatment in situ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, essentials oils (EOs) have been extensively considered as biocides of natural source against biodeterioration of stone cultural heritage due to their well recognized antimicrobial activity, which was investigated in several fields [ 33 ]. The inhibition effect of EOs have been tested against single strains (e.g., [ 34 , 35 ]) and the whole cultivable community [ 36 ] of filamentous fungi and bacteria inhabiting cultural heritage stone. There is no information, however, about the sensitivity of meristematic fungi towards EOs, despite their role in stone biodeterioration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the Community of Black Meristematic Fungi Inhabiting the External White Marble of the Florence Cathedral

Berti

Marvasi

Perito

2023

JoF

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Meristematic black fungi are a highly damaging group of microorganisms responsible for the deterioration of outdoor exposed monuments. Their resilience to various stresses poses significant challenges for removal efforts. This study focuses on the community of meristematic fungi inhabiting the external white marble of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, where they contribute to its darkening. Twenty-four strains were isolated from two differently exposed sites of the Cathedral, and their characterization was conducted. Phylogenetic analysis using ITS and LSU rDNA regions revealed a wide diversity of rock-inhabiting fungal strains within the sampled areas. Eight strains, belonging to different genera, were also tested for thermal preferences, salt tolerance, and acid production to investigate their tolerance to environmental stressors and their interaction with stone. All tested strains were able to grow in the range of 5–30 °C, in the presence 5% NaCl, and seven out of eight strains were positive for the production of acid. Their sensitivities to essential oils of thyme and oregano and to the commercial biocide Biotin T were also tested. The essential oils were found to be the most effective against black fungi growth, indicating the possibility of developing a treatment with a low environmental impact.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the Community of Black Meristematic Fungi Inhabiting the External White Marble of the Florence Cathedral

Berti

Marvasi

Perito

2023

JoF

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Ozone-loaded bacterial cellulose hydrogel: a sustainable antimicrobial solution for stone cleaning

Sonaglia,

Schifano,

Augello

et al. 2024

Cellulose

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The use of biocide-loaded hydrogels has recently been exploited for cleaning the biological attacks of cultural heritage and architectural stone materials. However, considering the drawbacks of traditional biocides, and the high costs of synthetic polymers, growing research for innovative and sustainable solutions are taking place. The aim of this work is to explore a bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogel functionalized with ozone as a renewable, biodegradable, and easy-to-use antimicrobial remedy for stone biodeterioration. The BC microstructure was characterized by Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy observation and high crystallinity was detected by X-ray diffraction analysis. Ozonated BC (OBC) hydrogels were tested against selected biodeteriogenic microorganisms in water suspension abolishing their viability, with its complete suppression after a 10-min and a 24-h treatment with OBC, for bacterial and fungal spores, respectively. Furthermore, the OBC was assessed on contaminated marble, brick, and biocalcarenitic stone specimens for simulating in situ conditions. A 100% reduction of microbial viability after a 24-h treatment was obtained. Successively, the shelf-life of the hydrogel and the antimicrobial activity were also evaluated after 30 days, demonstrating a subsequent cleaning efficiency along time. This research highlights the potential of the new ozonated BC hydrogel as a green and highly effective antimicrobial treatment, with advantages in sustainability.

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Recolonization dynamics of marble monuments after cleaning treatments: A nine-year follow-up study

Toreno,

Zucconi,

Caneva

et al. 2024

Science of The Total Environment

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Essential oils to contrast biodeterioration of the external marble of Florence Cathedral

Cited by 6 publications

References 41 publications

Characterization of the Community of Black Meristematic Fungi Inhabiting the External White Marble of the Florence Cathedral

Characterization of the Community of Black Meristematic Fungi Inhabiting the External White Marble of the Florence Cathedral

Ozone-loaded bacterial cellulose hydrogel: a sustainable antimicrobial solution for stone cleaning

Recolonization dynamics of marble monuments after cleaning treatments: A nine-year follow-up study

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