Establishing a link between vehicular PM sources and PM measurements in urban street canyons

Eisner, Alfred D.; Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer; Wiener, Russell W.; Hahn, Intaek; Drake-Richman, Zora E.; Ellenson, William D.

doi:10.1039/b907132f

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This article is part of a larger series of papers related to the Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study field work. [7][8][9][10][11][12] These papers present the results of an intensive study that comprises field measurements, physical modeling, and computer simulations of the airflow and pollutant dispersion patterns within an urban neighborhood in Brooklyn, NY, USA, composed of three-story attached row houses, one 12-story building, and a major expressway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of a tall tower on flow and dispersion through a model urban neighborhood : Part 2. Pollutant dispersion

et al. 2009

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article is the second in a two-paper series presenting results from wind tunnel and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of flow and dispersion in an idealized model urban neighborhood. Pollutant dispersion results are presented and discussed for a model neighborhood that was characterized by regular city blocks of three-story row houses with a single 12-story tower located at the downwind edge of one of these blocks. The tower had three significant effects on pollutant dispersion in the surrounding street canyons: drawing the plume laterally towards the tower, greatly enhancing the vertical dispersion of the plume in the wake of the tower, and significantly decreasing the residence time of pollutants in the wake of the tower. In the wind tunnel, tracer gas released in the avenue lee of the tower, but several blocks away laterally, was pulled towards the tower and lifted in the wake of the tower. The same lateral movement of the pollutant was seen in the next avenue, which was approximately 2.5 tower heights downwind of the tower. The tower also served to ventilate the street canyon directly in its wake more rapidly than the surrounding areas. This was evidenced by CFD simulations of concentration decay where the residence time of pollutants lee of the 12-story tower was found to be less than half the residence time behind a neighboring three-story building. This same phenomenon of rapid vertical dispersion lee of a tower among an array of smaller buildings was also demonstrated in a separate set of wind tunnel experiments using an array of cubical blocks. A similar decrease in the residence time was observed when the height of one block was increased.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of a tall tower on flow and dispersion through a model urban neighborhood : Part 2. Pollutant dispersion

et al. 2009

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…One-second timeresolved data were used in other papers where forecasting tools were employed to examine temporal and spatial correlations. [26][27][28]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These are explored in complementary papers. [26][27][28] Similar to the DAPPLE study, 16 significant effort was expended during the B-TRAPPED study on wind tunnel and computational fluid dynamics modeling to explore transport phenomena in a generic representation of the Sunset Park neighborhood. These efforts were not discussed in this paper because they were beyond the scope of the field work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) field study methodology

et al. 2009

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) field study examined indoor and outdoor exposure to traffic-generated air pollution by studying the individual processes of generation of traffic emissions, transport and dispersion of air contaminants along a roadway, and infiltration of the contaminants into a residence. Real-time instrumentation was used to obtain highly resolved time-series concentration profiles for a number of air pollutants. The B-TRAPPED field study was conducted in the residential Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, NY, USA, in May 2005. The neighborhood contained the Gowanus Expressway (Interstate 278), a major arterial road (4(th) Avenue), and residential side streets running perpendicular to the Gowanus Expressway and 4(th) Avenue. Synchronized measurements were obtained inside a test house, just outside the test house façade, and along the urban residential street canyon on which the house was located. A trailer containing Federal Reference Method (FRM) and real-time monitors was located next to the Gowanus Expressway to assess the source. Ultrafine particulate matter (PM), PM(2.5), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO(2)), temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed and direction were monitored. Different sampling schemes were devised to focus on dispersion along the street canyon or infiltration into the test house. Results were obtained for ultrafine PM, PM(2.5), criteria gases, and wind conditions from sampling schemes focused on street canyon dispersion and infiltration. For comparison, the ultrafine PM and PM(2.5) results were compared with an existing data set from the Los Angeles area, and the criteria gas data were compared with measurements from a Vancouver epidemiologic study. Measured ultrafine PM and PM(2.5) concentration levels along the residential urban street canyon and at the test house façade in Sunset Park were demonstrated to be comparable to traffic levels at an arterial road and slightly higher than those in a residential area of Los Angeles. Indoor ultrafine PM levels were roughly 3-10 times lower than outdoor levels, depending on the monitor location. CO, NO(2), and SO(2) levels were shown to be similar to values that produced increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations in the Vancouver studies.

show abstract

“…20 ''Establishing a link between vehicular PM sources and PM measurements in urban street canyons'' looks at evidence for downwind transport of traffic pollutant particles from the highway source to the monitoring sites. 21 Three papers in the package investigate the influence of complex urban structures on airflow behaviors and pollutant concentration distribution patterns. ''Time-series analysis to study the impact of an intersection on dispersion along a street canyon'' investigates the effects of an intersection on the transport process of the traffic pollutant particles.…”

Section: Longitudinal Transport and Dispersion Of A Pollutant Plume O...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the Brooklyn Traffic Real-time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study: theoretical background and model for design of field experiments

et al. 2009

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Brooklyn traffic real-time ambient pollutant penetration and environmental dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study was a multidisciplinary field research project that investigated the transport, dispersion, and infiltration processes of traffic emission particulate matter (PM) pollutants in a near-highway urban residential area. The urban PM transport, dispersion, and infiltration processes were described mathematically in a theoretical model that was constructed to develop the experimental objectives of the B-TRAPPED study. In the study, simultaneous and continuous time-series PM concentration and meteorological data collected at multiple outdoor and indoor monitoring locations were used to characterize both temporal and spatial patterns of the PM concentration movements within microscale distances (<500 m) from the highway. Objectives of the study included (1) characterizing the temporal and spatial PM concentration fluctuation and distribution patterns in the urban street canyon; (2) investigating the effects of urban structures such as a tall building or an intersection on the transport and dispersion of PM; (3) studying the influence of meteorological variables on the transport, dispersion, and infiltration processes; (4) characterizing the relationships between the building parameters and the infiltration mechanisms; (5) establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between outdoor-released PM and indoor PM concentrations and identifying the dominant mechanisms involved in the infiltration process; (6) evaluating the effectiveness of a shelter-in-place area for protection against outdoor-released PM pollutants; and (7) understanding the predominant airflow and pollutant dispersion patterns within the neighborhood using wind tunnel and CFD simulations. The 10 papers in this first set of papers presenting the results from the B-TRAPPED study address these objectives. This paper describes the theoretical background and models representing the interrelated processes of transport, dispersion, and infiltration. The theoretical solution for the relationship between the time-dependent indoor PM concentration and the initial PM concentration at the outdoor source was obtained. The theoretical models and solutions helped us to identify important parameters in the processes of transport, dispersion, and infiltration. The B-TRAPPED study field experiments were then designed to investigate these parameters in the hope of better understanding urban PM pollutant behaviors.

show abstract

Establishing a link between vehicular PM sources and PM measurements in urban street canyons

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

The effect of a tall tower on flow and dispersion through a model urban neighborhood : Part 2. Pollutant dispersion

The effect of a tall tower on flow and dispersion through a model urban neighborhood : Part 2. Pollutant dispersion

The Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) field study methodology

Overview of the Brooklyn Traffic Real-time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study: theoretical background and model for design of field experiments

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About