Ester and ether-linked lipids in the mandibular canal of a porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Occurrence of isovaleric acid in glycerolipids

Varanasi, Usha; Malins, Donald C.

doi:10.1021/bi00825a017

Cited by 49 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Norris, 1964;McCormick et al, 1970;Varanasi and Malins, 1970a;Varanasi and Malins, 1970b;Brill et al, 1988;Cranford et al, 2008). In the present study, CT imaging and 3-D reconstructions of the pygmy killer whale revealed mandibles that were hollow, lacked a bony lamina medial to the pan bone and contained mandibular fat bodies (Figs1 and 2).…”

Section: Peripheral Hearing Anatomysupporting

confidence: 52%

“…Post-mortem investigations and anatomical dissections have revealed important characteristics of sound reception in delphinids, which include fusion of the middle and inner ear into the tympanoperiotic complex, the separation of the bullar complex from the skull, airfilled sinuses surrounding the bulla (Ketten, 2000), and mandibles that are hollow but contain fats that channel sound to the middle and inner ears (e.g. Norris, 1964;McCormick et al, 1970;Varanasi and Malins, 1970a;Varanasi and Malins, 1970b;Brill et al, 1988). X-ray computed tomography (CT) has added to this body of knowledge by providing a means of investigating in situ auditory anatomy without anatomical dissection that can be used on postmortem specimens and live animals (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Live CT imaging of sound reception anatomy and hearing measurements in the pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata

Montie

Manire

Mann

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYIn June 2008, two pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) were stranded alive near Boca Grande, FL, USA, and were taken into rehabilitation. We used this opportunity to learn about the peripheral anatomy of the auditory system and hearing sensitivity of these rare toothed whales. Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of head structures from X-ray computed tomography (CT) images revealed mandibles that were hollow, lacked a bony lamina medial to the pan bone and contained mandibular fat bodies that extended caudally and abutted the tympanoperiotic complex. Using auditory evoked potential (AEP) procedures, the modulation rate transfer function was determined. Maximum evoked potential responses occurred at modulation frequencies of 500 and 1000Hz. The AEP-derived audiograms were U-shaped. The lowest hearing thresholds occurred between 20 and 60kHz, with the best hearing sensitivity at 40kHz. The auditory brainstem response (ABR) was composed of seven waves and resembled the ABR of the bottlenose and common dolphins. By changing electrode locations, creating 3-D reconstructions of the brain from CT images and measuring the amplitude of the ABR waves, we provided evidence that the neuroanatomical sources of ABR waves I, IV and VI were the auditory nerve, inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body, respectively. The combination of AEP testing and CT imaging provided a new synthesis of methods for studying the auditory system of cetaceans. Supplementary material available online at

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Section: Peripheral Hearing Anatomysupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Live CT imaging of sound reception anatomy and hearing measurements in the pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata

Montie

Manire

Mann

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Mammalian adipose tissues are primarily composed of triacylglycerols (TAG), but the acoustic fats of some odontocete species are rich in wax esters (Varanasi and Malins, 1970a;Varanasi and Malins, 1970b;Morris, 1986;Litchfield and Greenberg, 1974;. We did not see any wax esters in the ear fats of minke and fin whales.…”

Section: Lipid Classesmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The acoustic fats of odontocetes are characterized by endogenously synthesized, short, branched fatty acids found within wax esters and TAG (Varanasi and Malins, 1970a;Varanasi and Malins, 1970b;Morris, 1986;Litchfield and Greenberg, 1974;). Although we did not detect these unique fatty acids at appreciable quantities, the minke and fin whale ear fats did have lower levels of dietary fatty acids compared to the blubber (Figure 3.12).…”

Section: Fatty Acid Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although typical mammalian fat is primarily composed of triacylglycerols, with individual fatty acids having chain lengths of 14 -22 carbon atoms , odontocete acoustic fats also contain wax esters and high levels of short, branched chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols with 5-16 carbons (Varanasi and Malins, 1970a;Varanasi and Malins, 1970b;Morris, 1986;Litchfield and Greenberg, 1974;. These lipids are arranged in a specific pattern, in which the wax esters and shorter, branched fatty acids are found in the highest quantities in the inner core Wedmid et al, 1973;Morris, 1975;Blomberg and Lindholm, 1976;Koopman et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The auditory system of the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) : a potential fatty sound reception pathway in a mysticete cetacean

Yamato¹

2012

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Despite widespread concerns about the effects of anthropogenic noise on baleen whales (suborder Mysticeti), we lack basic information about their auditory physiology for comprehensive risk assessments. Hearing ranges and sensitivities could be measured if customized equipment and methods were developed based on how baleen whales receive sound. However, sound reception pathways in baleen whales are currently unknown. This thesis presents an integrative approach to understanding hearing in baleen whales through dissections, biomedical imaging, biochemical analyses, and modeling sound propagation through a whale head using the Finite Element Method (FEM). We focused on the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) because it is one of the smallest and most abundant mysticete species, reducing logistical difficulties for dissections and experiments. We discovered a large, well-formed fat body extending from the blubber region to the ears and contacting the ossicles. Although odontocetes, or toothed whales, are thought to use specialized "acoustic fats" for sound reception, no such tissues had been described for mysticetes to date. Our study indicates that the basic morphology and biochemical composition of the minke whale "ear fats" are very different from those of odontocete acoustic fats. However, the odontocete and mysticete fatty tissues share some characteristics, such as being conserved even during starvation, containing fewer dietary signals compared to blubber, and having well-defined attachments to the tympano-periotic complex, which houses the middle and inner ears. FE models of the whale head indicated that the ear fats caused a slight increase in the total pressure magnitude by the ears, and this focusing effect could be attributed to the low density and low sound speed of the ear fats in the models. Fatty tissues are known to have lower densities and sound speeds than other types of soft tissues, which may explain why they are an important component of the auditory system of odontocetes, and perhaps mysticete cetaceans as well. In an aquatic habitat where the pinna and air-filled ear canal are no longer effective at collecting and focusing sound towards the ears, we propose that both odontocete and mysticete cetaceans have incorporated fatty tissues into their auditory systems for underwater sound reception.

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Diol Lipids New Types of Naturally Occuring Lipid Substances

Bergel'son¹

1973

Fette, Seifen, Anstrichm.

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Lipids of plants, animals and microorganisms frequently conkain minor amounts of lipophylic derivatives of ethyleneglycol and related lower dihydric alcohols, which mostly have been overlooked in the part. Methods for the quantitative determination of diols in lipid hydrolyzates have been developed. In some particular cases, e.g. lipids of marine invertebrates, regenerating rat liver and young corn seeds comparatively high diol/glycerol ratios were found. Various methods for the structural investigation of diol lipids, including mass-spectrometry and combined GLC-mass-spectrometry are described. The chemical structure of a number of diol lipids including simple neutral lipids, diol galactolipids and diol cholinephosphatides has been clarified, the existence of other types is probable. The biosynthetic pathways of the diol lipids seem to be similar to those of the glycerolipids. Diol-Lipide -Neue Arten von natiirlid, vorkommenden Lipid- SubstanzenLipide von Pflanzen, Tieren und Mikroorganismen enthalten oft kleinere Mengen von lipophilen Derivaten des Athylenglycols und verwandter Diole. die in der Vergangenheit meist iibersehen wurden. Methoden zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Diolen in Lipidhydrolysaten wurden entwidcelt. In Lipiden von wirbellosen Seetieren, regenerierender Rattenleber und jungen Maiskornern wurden verhaltnismaDig hohe DioljGlyzerinwerte gefunden. Verschiedene Methoden zur Strukturaufklarung von Diol-Lipiden einschlieDlich Massen-Spektrometrie und kombinierte GLC-Massen-Spektrometrie werden beschrieben. Die chemische Struktur einer Anzahl von Diol-Lipiden, darunter einfache Neutrallipide, Diol-Galaktolipide und Diol-Cholinphosphatide, wurde aufgeklart ; das Vorkommen anderer Typen ist wahrscheinlich. Die Wege der Biosynthese der Diol-Lipide sheinen denen der Glycerolipide zu ahneln.

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Ester and ether-linked lipids in the mandibular canal of a porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Occurrence of isovaleric acid in glycerolipids

Abstract: This work was conducted under ONR Contract N00014-69-C-0404, in cooperation with the Oceanic Institute, Hawaii. This is Contribution No.

Cited by 49 publications

References 18 publications

Live CT imaging of sound reception anatomy and hearing measurements in the pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata

Live CT imaging of sound reception anatomy and hearing measurements in the pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata

The auditory system of the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) : a potential fatty sound reception pathway in a mysticete cetacean

Diol Lipids New Types of Naturally Occuring Lipid Substances

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