Estimate of propulsive force in front crawl swimming in young athletes

Santos, Marcos André Moura dos; Barbosa, Marcos Lira; Melo, Wilson Viana de Castro; Costa, Adalberto Veronese da; Costa, Manoel da Cunha

doi:10.2147/oajsm.s35430

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The AMA has been considered an important variable for swimmers due to its association with the propulsive force capacity. In a previous study we observed a relationship between the propulsive force of the arm and the AMA ( Santos et al, 2012 ). In addition, the AMA changes in response to strength training, what improves sprint swimming times ( Dos Santos et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Propulsive force of the arm (PFA): The swimmers were not allowed to exercise for 24 hours before the tests to prevent the acute effects of training on results. A 10 min warm-up with moderate intensity was performed before the beginning of the tests according to previous studies ( Papoti et al, 2007 ; Santos et al, 2012 ). After the swimmer had warmed up, a pull buoy or leg float was placed between the legs of the swimmer to prevent him or her from performing movements with his or her lower limbs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the swimmer’s physical condition is related to body composition and strength ( Schneider and Meyer, 2005 ). Therefore, certain anthropometric characteristics must be considered when analysing the performance of swimmers in view of the relationship between the resistive and propulsive forces ( Santos et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Geladas et al (2005) found that the total length of the upper limbs, grip strength and standing long jump performance were significant predictors of performance in 100-meter front crawl races in boys (12–14 years old). Another study found a positive association ( r = 0.68, p < 0.001) between the arm muscle area and the propulsive force of the arm in young swimmers (9–14 years old), with the increased arm muscle area contributing to a greater capacity for strength ( Santos et al, 2012 ). However, it is important to highlight that because the maturation stage has a direct influence on a child’s natural growth by increasing the levels of circulating hormones, the maturation stage is a key factor that must be controlled when studying children and adolescents ( Geladas et al, 2005 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Height and Body Composition Determine Arm Propulsive Force in Youth Swimmers Independent of a Maturation Stage

Moura

Costa

Oliveira

et al. 2014

Journal of Human Kinetics

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The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between anthropometric variables, body composition and propulsive force in swimmers aged 9–17 years. Anthropometric characteristics (body height and mass, sitting height, arm span, arm muscle area and body composition) and the propulsive force of the arm (tethered swimming test) were evaluated in 56 competitive male swimmers. Tanner’s stages of genital maturation (P1–5) were used. The data analysis included correlations and multiple linear regression. The propulsive force of the arm was correlated with body height (r = 0.34; p =0.013), arm span (r = 0.29; p =0.042), sitting height (r = 0.36; p =0.009), % body fat (r = 0.33; p =0.016), lean body mass (r = 0.34; p =0.015) and arm muscle area (r = 0.31; p =0.026). Using multiple linear regression models, the percent body fat and height were identified as significant predictors of the propulsive force of the arm after controlling for the maturation stage. This model explained 22% (R2 = 0.22) of associations. In conclusion, the propulsive force of swimmers was related to body height and percent body fat.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Height and Body Composition Determine Arm Propulsive Force in Youth Swimmers Independent of a Maturation Stage

Moura

Costa

Oliveira

et al. 2014

Journal of Human Kinetics

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“…The prediction equations resulting from the direct test results have contributed as a valuation method of low cost and applicability. With swimming, it is possible to identify these equations from the anthropometric viewpoint, 15 estimating the propulsive force of swimming, 16 at the critical speed, 17 as well as validating tests to determine the aerobic capacity. 18 Therefore, the determination of an equation is linked to the type of test to be performed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of an equation for estimating maximal oxygen consumption of nonexpert adult swimmers

Costa¹,

Costa²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2013

OAJSM

Self Cite

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ObjectiveTo validate an equation to estimate the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of nonexpert adult swimmers.MethodsParticipants were 22 nonexpert swimmers, male, aged between 18 and 30 years (age: 23.1 ± 3:59 years; body mass: 73.6 ± 7:39 kg; height 176.6 ± 5.53 cm; and body fat percentage: 15.9% ± 4.39%), divided into two subgroups: G1 – eleven swimmers for the VO2max oximetry and modeling of the equation; and G2 – eleven swimmers for application of the equation modeled on G1 and verification of their validation. The test used was the adapted Progressive Swim Test, in which there occurs an increase in the intensity of the swim every two laps. For normality and homogeneity of data, Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests were used, the descriptive values of the average and standard deviation. The statistical steps were: (1) reliability of the Progressive Swim Test – through the paired t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the Pearson linear correlation (R) relative to the reproducibility, the coefficient of variation (CV), and standard error measurement (SEM) for the absolute reproducibility; (2) in the model equation to estimate VO2max, a relative VO2 was established, and a stepwise multiple regression model was performed with G1 – so the variables used were analysis of variance regression (AR), coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted coefficient of determination (R2a), standard error of estimate (SEE), and Durbin–Watson (DW); (3) validation of the equation – the results were presented in graphs, where direct (G1) and estimated (G2) VO2max were compared using independent t-test, linear regression (stressing the correlation between groups), and Bland–Altman (the bias agreement of the results). All considered a statistical significance level of P < 0.05.ResultsOn the trustworthiness of the Progressive Swim Test adapted presented as high as observed (R and ICC > 0.80, CV < 10%, and SEM < 2%). In the equation model, VO2max has been considered the third model as recommended due to the values found (AR < 0.01, R = 0795, R2 = 0633; R2a = 0.624, SEE = 7.21, DW = 2.06). Upon validation of the equation, no significant differences occurred between G1 and G2 (P > 0.01), linear regression stressed a correlation between the groups (R > 0.80, P < 0.01), and Bland–Altman plotting of the results was within the correlation limits of 1.96 (95% confidence interval).ConclusionThe estimating equation for VO2max for nonexpert swimmers is valid for its application through the Progressive Swim Test, providing to contribute in prescribing the swimming lessons as a method of evaluating the physical condition of its practitioners.

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Dry-land Bilateral Hand-force Production and Swimming Performance in Paralympic Swimmers

Dingley¹,

Pyne

Burkett

2014

Int J Sports Med

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The effectiveness of human movement is the culmination of several musculoskeletal factors; asymmetry in movement could reduce optimal performance. The aims of this study were to quantify relationships between bilateral hand-force production, swimming performance, and the influence of fatigue. Paralympic swimmers (n=21, aged 20.9 ± 4.7 yr) were categorised into no, high- and low-range physical disability groups and performed two 100 m time trials to measure swimming performance. Bilateral hand-force was measured over two 60 s maximal tests on a swim-bench ergometer to quantify the degree of asymmetry. Large relationships between mean force and swimming velocity were seen for both the high- (r=0.62, ±0.45; r-value, ±90% confidence limits) and low-range (r=0.62, ±0.50) groups. Asymmetry was related to level of disability, with the smallest difference of 6.7, ±2.6 N in the no-musculoskeletal disability group. This difference increased to 13.1, ±10.0 N and 13.5, ±16.2 N in the high- and low-range groups. Between the first and last 15 s of the swim-bench test, reductions in mean force were small for the physical disabilities groups. Similarly, changes in asymmetry were small for both the no-physical and low-range groups. Paralympic swimmers with a more severe physical impairment typically generate substantially lower force and velocity.

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Estimate of propulsive force in front crawl swimming in young athletes

Cited by 7 publications

References 34 publications

Height and Body Composition Determine Arm Propulsive Force in Youth Swimmers Independent of a Maturation Stage

Height and Body Composition Determine Arm Propulsive Force in Youth Swimmers Independent of a Maturation Stage

Validation of an equation for estimating maximal oxygen consumption of nonexpert adult swimmers

Dry-land Bilateral Hand-force Production and Swimming Performance in Paralympic Swimmers

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