“…Although several research contributions have been conducted to better understand cigarette butts littering behaviour, the majority has given only a limited insight and usefulness in reducing cigarette butts littering (Cope et al, 1993;Novotny et al, 2009;Smith & Novotny, 2011;Schultz et al, 2013;Lee et al, 2012;Rath et al, 2012;González-Salgado et al, 2020;Dehdari, 2020;Valiente et al, 2020;Rasool et al, 2021). Based on previous studies, Fransson and Gärling (1999) refer to personal values, landfill awareness, individual accountability, law enforcement, and education as critical factors influencing littering behaviour.…”