Estimating China’s Foreign Aid Using New Data

Kitano, Naohiro

doi:10.19088/1968-2018.148

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Congruent with the trends discussed in Section , recently China's foreign aid, which is dated to the 1950s, has moved rapidly in the direction of concessional lending (see Kitano, , for updated Chinese aid estimates). China's own experience of concessional lending, starting with the Soviet Union as creditor, followed by Japan and the West, helps to shape its own emerging approach to outbound lending.…”

Section: The Bri and China's Foreign Aidmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Belt and Road Initiative: What is in it for China?

Johnston

2018

Asia & Pacific Policy Stud

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China's outbound investment exceeded inbound investment for the first time in 2015. In years leading up this transition, a maturing demographic transition alongside slowing internal migration and diminishing returns to physical capital investment, all had a role in China's diminished competitiveness in low-wage manufactured exports and the fading of the related growth model. In that context, the 2013 launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) took place in two stages in two developing countries, Kazakhstan and Indonesia. These launch choices, and the BRI in general are herein elaboratedin terms of economic history, geography, and demography. The BRI in turn is considered to be aiming to foster the ongoing development of China, and in doing so also seeks to instigate new era development opportunity for other developing countries. One facilitation channel for the latter is China's concept of "patient capital," essentially concessional capital, or foreign aid. For China that offers a means via which to internationalise the financial sector and also the Renminbi. Lessons from China's own use of foreign aid and economic development hence serve as an important reference for ongoing scoping of the shape and trajectory of the BRI. To that end, this article sheds light on what is in the BRI for China. ---This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Section: The Bri and China's Foreign Aidmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Belt and Road Initiative: What is in it for China?

Johnston

2018

Asia & Pacific Policy Stud

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“…Source: For net ODA received, 1979–2018 in current US$ (The World Bank, 2019); For China’s net ODA disbursements, 2001–2015 (Kitano, 2017).…”

Section: Recipient-to-donor Transition Of Asian Aid Donors From a Hismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While both China and Korea have only recently become net aid donors, their ODA programs have been growing fast. Figure 2 shows that since the early 2000s, ODA disbursements by China and Korea 2001-2015(Kitano, 2017.…”

Section: China's Transition From Recipient To Donormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Rise of Asian Aid Donors: Recipient-to-Donor Transition and Implications for International Aid Regime

Dole

Lewis-Workman

Trinidad

et al. 2021

Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies

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The aims of this article are twofold. First, from a historical perspective, it examines the recipient-to-donor transition of five Asian aid donors, namely Japan, Korea, China, India, and Thailand. Specifically, it examines the evolution of their foreign aid programs and practices. Second, it analyzes the effects of Asian aid donors on the international aid regime. We argue that the mix of economic and security goals, which motivated Asian donors to develop their initial economic cooperation programs, have persisted over time. This explains why Asian aid donors have allotted a disproportionate share of their assistance to neighboring countries and their use of foreign aid as a key tool of their commercial and diplomatic policies. Moreover, we contend that the rise and experience of Asian aid donors have created a new dynamic to donor–recipient partnerships and development cooperation like new approaches and modalities. Key findings of this study add to the growing literature on emerging donors and aid effectiveness debate.

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“…A known example is the Chinese embassy in Cambodia: when reporting foreign aid figures to Cambodia's aid management authority, they include PBEC-financed projects as well. 19 the amount of PBECs has exceeded China's bilateral foreign aid (including concessional loans, grants, and interest-free loans) since 2012 (Kitano's 2018), this has led to overestimation of China's foreign aid and by implication, skewed assessment of China's foreign policy intentions.…”

Section: Blurring the Line Between Aid And Other Financesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Aid-Contracting Nexus: The Role of The International Contracting Industry in China’s Overseas Development Engagements

Zhang¹

2020

chinaperspectives

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Commercial interests in China's foreign aid projects are widely recognised in the literature. Yet, the role of the Chinese companies involved in such activities remains understudied. Piecing together information from primary sources, this article retells the story of China's overseas development engagements from the perspective of China's international contracting industry, the history of which is closely intertwined with China's foreign aid practices. Identified by the state to be a strategic vehicle for exporting Chinese labour, industrial products, technology, management skills, and capital, international construction contractors (ICECs) have received substantial policy support and have grown into prominent multinational corporations with global footprints. I use the concept of the "aid-contracting nexus" to highlight the linkage between China's economic diplomacy and domestic economic development strategy. The "aid-contracting nexus" provides a critical lens for analysing China's overseas development engagements, including why it has focused primarily on infrastructure, and the conceptual confusion over China's development finance. This analysis also speaks to the popular accusations that Chinese lending practices are predatory or "debt-trapping" by underscoring mercantilist logic as an alternative explanation. The evolving business model of ICECs is likely to pose new challenges for China's foreign relations.

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Estimating China’s Foreign Aid Using New Data

Abstract: This article presents updated estimates of China's foreign aid between 2001 and 2014 as a proxy for China's official development assistance (ODA) as defined by the OECD-DAC, and to compare this with the ODA of other DAC members.

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

The Belt and Road Initiative: What is in it for China?

The Belt and Road Initiative: What is in it for China?

The Rise of Asian Aid Donors: Recipient-to-Donor Transition and Implications for International Aid Regime

The Aid-Contracting Nexus: The Role of The International Contracting Industry in China’s Overseas Development Engagements

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