Estimating drug consumption during a college sporting event from wastewater using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

Identification of biomarkers in wastewater-based epidemiology: Main approaches and analytical methods

“…These reviews categorized biomarkers depending a little bit on the authors criterion but in all cases consumption, exposure, health/disease and lifestyle/consumption are main drivers of these classifications. Studies focus on consumption of mostly illicit drugs [ 19 , 23 , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] ] but also food [ 42 , 43 ], artificial sweeteners [ 44 , 45 ], alcohol [ [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] ], caffeine [ 52 , 53 ], nicotine [ 47 , [51] , [52] , [53] ] and/or tobacco [ [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] ], new psychoactive substances [ 39 , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] ], opioids [ 18 , 64 , 65 ], pharmaceuticals [ 22 , 34 , 53 , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] ] and personal care products [ 34 ] are the most common. These studies are the most elaborated, as especially in the case of drugs of abuse, work has been ongoing since 2005 and there has been a major effort by many research groups to collaborate many times disinterestedly to systematize the methodology and address the drawbacks.…”

“…FEV: 100 μL LC-QqQ-MS/MS ESI (+). Two instruments: 1.- Restek Raptor Biphenyl (50 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μ) and H 2 O 2 mM AF+0.1% FA and MeOH 2.- Cortecs C18 HPLC column (2.1 × 100 mm; 2.7 μm) and H 2 O 2 mM AF+0.1% FA and MeOH <10 Appropriate [ 40 ] Illicit drugs amphetamine, cocaine benzoylecgonine and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol 50 mL Oasis HLB SPE and eluted with 5 mL of MeOH. FEV: 500 μL LC-QqQ-MS/MS ESI (+) Allure® PFPP (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) and H 2 O 2 mM AF and MeOH at 0.4 mL/min <10 Appropriate [ 41 ] Illicit drugs Methamphetamine, cocaine Direct injection of 20 μL of water filtered with 0.22 μm microporous membrane Colorimetric biosensor based on hybridation of DNA to nanoparticles (non-aggregated noble metal nanoparticles (AuNPs and Au@Ag) 1–3 Appropriate [ 98 ] Opiods Human metabolites of heroin, fentanyl, codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, tramadol, methadone, buprenorphine, and naloxone 10 L over 24 h period Robotic sampler: In-situ Oasis HLB extraction of composite samples and elution in the laboratory with MeOH.…”

“…Most of the chromatography is a reverse phase chromatography that applies the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) columns of 1.7 μm. The stationary phases are mostly C18 but as most of the analytes are very polar, there are other phases such as biphenyl [ 14 , 32 , 34 , 40 , 42 , 47 , 63 , 80 , 81 ] or pentafluoropropyl (PFP or F5) [ 41 , 51 , 86 ] also frequently used. The mobile phases are mostly water with formic or acetic acids or with volatile salts, such as ammonium formate, acetate, etc., methanol and acetonitrile.…”

Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 to support return to campus: Methodological considerations and data interpretation

“…Prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, WWS had been implemented at school and college campuses to detect illicit drugs in various settings [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. As schools began planning for the 2020-21 school year, many applied WWS as a tool ( Figure 1 ) to provide situational awareness and actionable information in support of COVID-19 mitigation efforts.…”

Drugs Discharged along Interstate Highway Restroom Facilities in Kentucky: Wastewater Analysis

“…Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a comprehensive, noninvasive, and near-real-time approach to determining the drug prevalence in a target population based on the quantified level of drug residues in untreated wastewater. , WBE has been employed to complement temporal and spatial trends in drug consumption in several countries across the world , by monitoring drug residues at municipal wastewater treatment plants, while several studies have targeted mass gatherings. − Given that 82% of counties in the United States are located within 20 miles of the interstate highway system, a large proportion of the general population accesses the interstate highway system, and the mean daily traffic volumes exceeded 80,000 vehicles per day in 2011. Thus, we hypothesize that wastewater surveillance at interstate rest areas potentially can provide a comprehensive and complementary surveillance option for monitoring drug use by highway commuters and commercial truck drivers .…”