Estimating industrial and domestic environmental releases of perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts in China from 2004 to 2012

Li, Li; Zhai, Zihan; Liu, Jianguo; Hu, Jianxin

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.049

Cited by 141 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…S1, Tables S8-S11). The FIP in the study area included not only PFOA production but also fluoropolymer manufacturing and processing, and these two industries were estimated to contribute 83.7% and 8.3% of PFOA in the environment, respectively (Li et al, 2015). Shorter-and longer-chained PFAAs can be emitted as impurities or by-products during PFOA production.…”

Section: Occurrence and Source Identification Of Pfaas In Surface Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have assessed the fate and transport pathways of longer-chained PFAAs emitted from direct sources (i.e., manufacturing and use) (Armitage et al, 2009), and have suggested that atmospheric transport makes an important contribution to transport potential for longer-chained PFAAs. PFAAs can be released into the air during PFAA and fluoropolymer production (Wang et al, 2013;Li et al, 2015). Therefore, it is suggested that air emission from the FIP followed by deposition was a major source of these longer-chained PFCAs to the more distant groundwater (Kwok et al, 2010).…”

Section: Dispersion and Transport Of Pfaas In Groundwater From The Fipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the environment is usually associated with discharge from industries such as metal plating, textile treatment and PFOS manufacture, while most perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is derived from PFOA production and fluoropolymer manufacturing and processing (Xie et al, 2013b;Li et al, 2015). Manufacturing facilities are major sources for PFAAs in surface and ground water, the contamination can continue even if the facilities have terminated the production of PFAA-related products (Xiao et al, 2012a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China

Liu

Lü

Wang

et al. 2016

Environment International

134

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Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) can be released to water bodies during manufacturing and application of PFAA-containing products. In this study, the contamination pattern, attenuation dynamics, sources, pathways, and risk zoning of PFAAs in surface and ground water was examined within a 10 km radius from a mega-fluorochemical industrial park (FIP). Among 12 detected PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated, followed by shorter-chained perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). PFAA-containing waste was discharged from the FIP, with levels reaching 1.86 mg/L in the nearby rivers flowing to the Bohai sea together with up to 273 μg/L in the local groundwater in the catchment. These levels constitute a human health risks for PFOA and other shorter-chained PFCAs within this location. The concentrations of ∑PFAAs in surface water strongly correlated with the local groundwater. The dominant pollution pathways of PFAAs included (i) discharge into surface water then to groundwater through seepage, and (ii) atmospheric deposition from the FIP, followed by infiltration to groundwater. As the distance increased from the source, PFAAs levels in groundwater showed a sharp initial decrease followed by a gentle decline. The contamination signal from the FIP site on PFAAs in groundwater existed within a radius of 4 km, and at least 3 km from the polluted Dongzhulong River. The major controlling factor in PFAA attenuation processes was likely to be dilution together with dispersion and adsorption to aquifer solids. The relative abundance of PFOA (C8) declined while those of shorter-chained PFCAs (C4-C6) increased during surface water seepage and further dispersion in groundwater.

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Section: Occurrence and Source Identification Of Pfaas In Surface Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dispersion and Transport Of Pfaas In Groundwater From The Fipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China

Liu

Lü

Wang

et al. 2016

Environment International

134

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“…5−7 For long-chain PFCAs, the ongoing yearly production and use in China has been estimated to be equivalent to or even exceeding that in Europe and North America prior to the stewardship program. 2,8 At the same time, numerous fluorinated alternatives to PFOS and long-chain PFCAs have been developed internationally (both within and outside of China) and many of these have been used and released in China. These fluorinated alternatives are generally shorter chain versions of their predecessors, but for every longchain PFAS there are typically several different fluorinated alternatives being used.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,15,16 Estimating emissions in China is especially challenging given the different production and use patterns of PFASs compared to Europe and North America and a recent rapid rise in PFAS manufacturing. 5,8 One approach to empirically evaluate emissions involves measuring the PFAA levels at the mouths of rivers and calculating the mass loadings of chemicals to the ocean (hereafter referred to as riverine mass discharges). This methodology has previously been employed to evaluate theoretically derived emission estimates of PFCAs from Europe.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels, Isomer Profiles, and Estimated Riverine Mass Discharges of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Fluorinated Alternatives at the Mouths of Chinese Rivers

Wang

Vestergren

Herzke

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

209

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An extensive sampling campaign was undertaken to study the levels, isomer profiles and riverine mass discharges of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and fluorinated alternatives in 19 Chinese rivers. The levels and homologue profiles of Σ 10 PFAAs varied considerably among the 19 rivers (mean 106; median 16.3, range 8.9−1240 ng/L), indicating the influence of specific point sources. Highly branched isomer profiles of perfluorooctanoic acid (18−25% br-PFOA) in rivers with elevated concentrations (96−352 ng/L) indicate that releases during production of PFOA by electrochemical fluorination and/or its use in fluoropolymer manufacture were the dominant sources to these rivers. The fluorinated alternatives 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (detection frequency 21%, < 0.1−3.1 ng/L) and chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate F-53B (51%, < 0.56−78.5 ng/L) were also found in some rivers. The total Chinese riverine mass discharges of PFOA (mean 80.9; range 16.8−168 t/y) (including monitoring data from this and other studies) were in good agreement with theoretical PFOA emission estimates (17.3−203 t/y) whereas riverine mass discharges of PFOS (mean 3.6; range 1.9−5.6 t/y) could only account for a minor fraction of theoretically estimated PFOS releases (70 t/y). This study provides empirical evidence that emissions from Chinese point sources likely dominate the global emissions of several legacy PFASs (notably PFOA) and fluorinated alternatives (e.g., F-53B).

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A new method to quantify the health risks from sources of perfluoroalkyl substances, combined with positive matrix factorization and risk assessment models

Shi

Guo

et al. 2017

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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A hybrid model based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the health risk assessment model for assessing risks associated with sources of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water was established and applied at Dianchi Lake to test its applicability. The new method contains 2 stages: 1) the sources of PFASs were apportioned by the PMF model and 2) the contribution of health risks from each source was calculated by the new hybrid model. Two factors were extracted by PMF, with factor 1 identified as aqueous fire-fighting foams source and factor 2 as fluoropolymer manufacturing and processing and perfluorooctanoic acid production source. The health risk of PFASs in the water assessed by the health risk assessment model was 9.54 Â 10 À7 a À1 on average, showing no obvious adverse effects to human health. The 2 sources' risks estimated by the new hybrid model ranged from 2.95 Â 10 À10 to 6.60 Â 10 À6 a À1 and from 1.64 Â 10 À7 to 1.62 Â 10 À6 a À1 , respectively. The new hybrid model can provide useful information on the health risks of PFAS sources, which is helpful for pollution control and environmental management.

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Estimating industrial and domestic environmental releases of perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts in China from 2004 to 2012

Cited by 141 publications

References 42 publications

Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China

Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China

Levels, Isomer Profiles, and Estimated Riverine Mass Discharges of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Fluorinated Alternatives at the Mouths of Chinese Rivers

A new method to quantify the health risks from sources of perfluoroalkyl substances, combined with positive matrix factorization and risk assessment models

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