Estimating mercury emissions from a zinc smelter in relation to China’s mercury control policies

Wang, Yafei; Song, Jian; Li, G.H.; Wu, Ye; Zhang, Lei; Wan, Qi; Streets, David G.; Chin, Conrad K.; Hao, Jiming

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.07.032

Cited by 54 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Mercury in concentrates is mainly released during smelting and/or roasting stage. The temperatures in the smelting/roasting, thermal extraction and thermal refining stages are all higher than 800 • C (Li et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2010b). The Hg-S and Hg-O bonds are broken under such high temperatures (Hylander and Herbert, 2008).…”

Section: Mercury Speciation In the Roasting And/or Smelting Furnacesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The Boliden-Norzink process, the most widely used process in non-ferrous metal smelters, has been installed in more than 40 smelters globally. On-site measurements indicated that its mercury removal efficiency is 83-92 % (Wang et al, 2010b;Li et al, 2010;Wu et al, 2015). In the Boliden-Norzink process, Hg 0 in the flue gas is oxidized to Hg 2 Cl 2 by solution containing HgCl 2 .…”

Section: Mercury Transformation In Dedicated Mercury Removal Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ESD is employed to remove water vapor from flue gas. Li et al (2010) and Wang et al (2010b) found that mercury removal efficiency in FGS was 11-22 %, whereas ESD removed 10-42 % of total mercury in the flue gas. The overall mercury removal efficiency of the purification systems in six tested plants by Zhang et al (2012b) varies in the range of 72-99 %.…”

Section: Mercury Transformation In Purification Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have observed liquid Hg 0 in the removed waste acid (Wang, 2011). The dominant mercury species after the purification system is generally Hg 0 , with a proportion 43-96 % (Wang et al, 2010b;Zhang et al, 2012b;Wu et al, 2015).…”

Section: Mercury Transformation In Purification Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Usually, mercury is released from concentrates to flue gases during the pyrometallurgical processes of non-ferrous metals. A typical pyrometallurgical process requires four stages, including dehydration, smelting and/or roasting, extraction, and refining (Wang et al, 2010b;Zhang et al, 2012b;Wu et al, 2015). Approximately 1 % of mercury in concentrates is released to flue gas in the dehydration kiln, where the temperature varies from 150 to 700 • C (Song, 2010).…”

Section: Mercury Speciation In the Roasting And/or Smelting Furnacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Mercury transformation mechanisms and speciation profiles are reviewed for mercury formed in and released from flue gases of coal-fired boilers, non-ferrous metal smelters, cement plants, iron and steel plants, waste incinerators, biomass burning and so on. Mercury in coal, ores, and other raw materials is released to flue gases in the form of Hg 0 during combustion or smelting in boilers, kilns or furnaces. Decreasing temperature from over 800 • C to below 300 • C in flue gases leaving boilers, kilns or furnaces promotes homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation of Hg 0 to gaseous divalent mercury (Hg 2+ ), with a portion of Hg 2+ adsorbed onto fly ash to form particulate-bound mercury (Hg p ). Halogen is the primary oxidizer for Hg 0 in flue gases, and active components (e.g., TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , etc.) on fly ash promote heterogeneous oxidation and adsorption processes. In addition to mercury removal, mercury transformation also occurs when passing through air pollution control devices (APCDs), affecting the mercury speciation in flue gases. In coal-fired power plants, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system promotes mercury oxidation by 34-85 %, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and fabric filter (FF) remove over 99 % of Hg p , and wet flue gas desulfurization system (WFGD) captures 60-95 % of Hg 2+ . In non-ferrous metal smelters, most Hg 0 is converted to Hg 2+ and removed in acid plants (APs). For cement clinker production, mercury cycling and operational conditions promote heterogeneous mercury oxidation and adsorption. The mercury speciation profiles in flue gases emitted to the atmosphere are determined by transformation mechanisms and mercury removal efficiencies by various APCDs. For all the sectors reviewed in this study, Hg p accounts for less than 5 % in flue gases. In China, mercury emission has a higher Hg 0 fraction (66-82 % of total mercury) in flue gases from coal combustion, in contrast to a greater Hg 2+ fraction (29-90 %) from non-ferrous metal smelting, cement and iron and/or steel production. The higher Hg 2+ fractions shown here than previous estimates may imply stronger local environmental impacts than previously thought, caused by mercury emissions in East Asia. Future research should focus on determining mercury speciation in flue gases from iron and steel plants, waste incineration and biomass burning, and on elucidating the mechanisms of mercury oxidation and adsorption in flue gases.

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Section: Mercury Speciation In the Roasting And/or Smelting Furnacesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Mercury Transformation In Dedicated Mercury Removal Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mercury Transformation In Purification Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mercury Transformation In Purification Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mercury Speciation In the Roasting And/or Smelting Furnacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review

et al. 2016

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Mercury flows in a zinc smelting facility in South Korea

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Choi

Yoo

et al. 2015

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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Removal of mercury using processes involving sulfuric acid during zinc production in an imperial smelting process (ISP) plant

Takaoka

Hamaguchi

Shinmura

et al. 2016

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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Estimating mercury emissions from a zinc smelter in relation to China’s mercury control policies

Cited by 54 publications

References 13 publications

Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review

Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review

Mercury flows in a zinc smelting facility in South Korea

Removal of mercury using processes involving sulfuric acid during zinc production in an imperial smelting process (ISP) plant

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