Estimating Nitrogen and Phosphorus Contents Using Model Integrated in Small Agricultural Watersheds

Yoon

Irrigation and Drainage

et al. 2016

The new guideline of the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) method for unit load estimation suggested using long‐term average annual precipitation, representative event mean concentrations (EMCs) of pollutants and runoff ratio in Korea. The guideline also suggested estimating the runoff ratio and EMCs for rainfall groups (0–10, 10–30, 30–50, above 50 mm) and rainfall weighting factor, to give a representative runoff ratio and EMC of a pollutant. The objective of this study is to evaluate the method suggested by the NIER. In this study, a 5‐year intensive field monitoring was carried out to determine pollutant load from paddy fields. The observed average annual pollutant losses from the studied paddy fields were compared to the unit load determined by three different methods. Overall, the method using the NIER guideline produced similar results to the method using arithmetic mean runoff ratio and EMC, which had been used for previous unit load determination. Meanwhile, the study revealed that estimation of unit load by the NIER method was closer to the observed unit load of pollutant from paddy fields than that by the method using EMCs from log‐normal and gamma distribution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of pollutant unit load of paddy fields with and without a rainfall factor

Yoon

Irrigation and Drainage

et al. 2016

“…Sainju et al [2] suggested that cultivating a combination of legumes and non-legumes and reducing the use of N fertilizers can decrease the loss of soil N and benefit crop yields. Kim et al [6] confirmed through model calculations that the application of excess fertilizers produces high levels of N and P in the runoff water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Application of Low-Phosphorous Fertilizers on Tea Plantations as a Novel Best Management Practice

Chen

Hu²,

Liou³

et al. 2014

Sustainability

Taipei Feitsui Reservoir supplies drinking water to more than five million citizens in northern Taiwan. The Feitsui Reservoir Administration and Tea Research and Extension Station have implemented a new pollution control measure for the use of low-phosphorous (low-P) fertilizers to prevent eutrophication. In this study, we compared the quality of the soil, effluent and tea from two test fields. Low-P fertilizer was applied to one of the fields, and regular phosphorous fertilizer (regular-P) was applied to the other. The study period covered spring and winter seasons. The results showed that the investigated soil chemical properties were not influenced by either the low-P or regular-P fertilizers. The effluent quality was influenced by the precondition of the soil, which resulted in a larger average total phosphorous (TP) concentration in the low-P field. However, there was a decreasing trend in P concentration that amounted to approximately half of the average TP concentration in the regular-P field. The growth characteristics and yields were not significantly different between the two fields, but the taste and aroma of the tea from the low-P field was rated as superior to that of the regular-P field. OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2014, 6 6986

Water Environment Research

“…Results indicated that the average daily flow, sediment, and nutrient loading simulated by SWAT were closer to measured values than HSPF at the outlet of this watershed. Kim et al (2004) applied AGNPS to estimate the loads of N and P according to antecedent soil moisture conditions using probable rainfall in the small Imgo agricultural watershed of Korea. Results showed that the concentrations of total N and total P generally decreased with increasing probability of flood, and the loss of N and P was proportional to the preceding soil water content in the same probable rainfall.…”

Section: Bmps For Nps Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonpoint Sources

Gang¹,

Qiang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2005

As rainfall, snowmelt, and irrigation run over the land or through the ground, pick up pollutants, and carry them into rivers, lakes, and coastal waters or introduce them into ground water, nonpoint sources (NPS) pollution occurs. The most significant NPS pollutants are nutrients (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) and sediments. The primary agricultural sources of nutrients which can contribute to NPS pollution are animal manure and fertilizer. This article reviews 2004 literature on several aspects of NPS pollution, including general policy, economics, attitudes and general; NPS characterization; best management practices (BMPs) for NPS control; modeling and monitoring; and NPS control and management. POLICY, ECONOMICS, ATTITUDES, AND GENERALThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and State water quality agencies are placing increasing emphasis on addressing the problems caused by NPS pollution, which is now the leading cause of water pollution in the United States (Davenport, 2004). EPA has implemented several programs under the Clean Water Act that attempt to address this issue, including the development of water quality standards for nutrients, implementation of State nonpoint source programs, and point source regulations for animal feeding operations. Frisvold (2004) examined the effects of U. S. 2528federal farm programs on agricultural water use and water quality. Agriculture has been identified as the largest contributor to NPS water pollution. Nonpoint pollution from agriculture is also an important environmental policy issue in Spain and the European Union (Martinez and Albiac, 2004). The ongoing policy decision process analyzing results indicated that abatement measures based on input taxes and standards on nitrogen appeared to be more suitable than the National Irrigation Plan.A statewide assessment of the impacts of phosphorus-index implementation in Pennsylvania has been done by Kogelmann et al. (2004). Results showed that various regions of Pennsylvania would be affected by the P-index restrictions for different reasons. Soil P was found to increase with increasing animal density and the highest animal density areas had a large number of nutrient impaired streams. Gergel et al.(2004) tested the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Dane County, Wisconsin, using NPS pollution time series data for Lake Mendota throughout the 20th century. The EKC did not describe the relationship between all ecological and economic indicators tested. The results showed that the increasing pollution with increasing wealth and economic prosperity could not be expected to improve all aspects of the environment.During the last three decades, coastal zones around the globe have shown increasing evidence of degradation, primarily due to human activities. Eutrophication resulting from increased nutrient input and chemical pollution from point and nonpoint sources were among the most serious threats to the health of coastal marine communities (Marcus, 2004). The coastal areas of the Southern Baltic Sea were highly ...