Estimating Turfgrass Evapotranspiration Using Atmometers and the Penman‐Monteith Model

Qian, Yaling; Fry, Jack D.; Wiest, Steven C.; Upham, Ward

doi:10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183x003600030030x

Cited by 34 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…The summer K c values for bermudagrass agree with the findings of Qian et al (1996) They did not compute K c s in their work, but did report that the slope of the regression line relating ETa of Midiron to Penman Monteith ETo was equal to 0.80. Our bermudagrass K c s also agree quite well with those of Devitt et al (1992) who found K c s ranged from 0.82 to 0.89.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

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Penman Monteith Crop Coefficients for Use with Desert Turf Systems

Brown

Mancino²,

Young

et al. 2001

Crop Science

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Irrigation scheduling systems which estimate actual evapotranspiration (ETa) by adjusting reference evapotranspiration (ETo) with crop coefficients (Kcs) have been suggested as a means of improving irrigation management of turfgrass in the desert southwest. The objective of this study was to develop turfgrass Kcs for use with ETo computed by the Penman Monteith Equation recommended by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Crop coefficients were developed for fairway quality ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. × C. transvaalinsis Davy) in summer and overseeded ‘Froghair’ intermediate ryegrass (Lolium perenne × L. multiflorum) in winter by relating daily measurements of ETa obtained from weighing lysimeters to ETo computed with meteorological data. Monthly and seasonal Kcs were developed by (i) computing the mean of individual daily Kcs, (ii) dividing cumulative ETa by cumulative ETo for the period, and (iii) computing the slope of least squares regression lines relating ETa to ETo. The three computation procedures did not greatly affect the resulting Kc value. Bermudagrass Kcs ranged from 0.78 in June to 0.83 in September, with monthly variation related to turf growth rate. Use of a constant Kc of 0.80 would suffice for estimating ETa in summer. Monthly Kcs for intermediate ryegrass ranged from 0.78 in January to 0.90 in April and varied in relation to mean air temperature. Increased bulk surface resistance resulting from chill‐induced reductions in stomatal conductance and/or a reduction in turf growth rate and leaf area index may lower ETa and Kcs during the colder winter months, making use of a constant seasonal Kc less suitable in winter. An inverse linear relationship was obtained between the coefficient of variation of mean monthly Kc and the ratio of measured to theoretical clear sky solar radiation, indicating Kcs are less reliable during periods of cloudy weather.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Higher CVs suggest the Penman Monteith Equation is less accurate at estimating ETo during periods of unsettled weather. Qian et al (1996) reported a similar finding when relating ET of Midiron bermudagrass to ETo estimated with the Penman Monteith Equation.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

Penman Monteith Crop Coefficients for Use with Desert Turf Systems

Brown

Mancino²,

Young

et al. 2001

Crop Science

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“…, Qian et al. ). A widely used version is FAO 56, developed by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (Allen et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…,b, Kim and Beard , Qian et al. , Bremer , Ebdon and DaCosta ). Such studies have shown that ET a on any date during a drying cycle depends not only on turfgrass species, but also on soil water content and thus irrigation frequency (Biran et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crop Coefficients, Growth Rates and Quality of Cool‐Season Turfgrasses

Aamlid

Knox

Riley

et al. 2015

J Agronomy Crop Science

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Determination of crop coefficients (Kc), the ratio between actual (ETa) and reference evapotranspiration (ET0), is necessary to schedule irrigation. Our objective was to determine Kc, turf quality and growth rate under daily irrigation to field capacity (FC = −3 kPa tension) and drying. Minilysimeters installed in a green (mowing height 3–5 mm) and fairway (15 mm) were weighed during four periods of 4–10 days duration in 2009 and 2010. Crop coefficients on the second and subsequent days after irrigation were not significantly different among species and averaged 0.81 and 0.91 on green and fairway, respectively. On the first day after irrigation, the Kc varied from 1.67 to 2.85 and decreased in the order Agrostis capillaris > Festuca rubra ssp. litoralis > F. rubra ssp. commutata > A. stolonifera > A. canina on the green, and F. rubra ssp. litoralis > Lolium perenne > F.rubra ssp. rubra > Poa pratensis > F. rubra ssp. commutata on the fairway. Drying reduced the average daily height growth from 0.98 to 0.74 mm on the green and 1.97–1.72 mm on the fairway. Scores for turf quality were reduced but remained acceptable. Although the Kc during the first day after irrigation to FC may be overestimated due to latent soil heat and a possible oasis effect, we conclude that irrigation to FC should be avoided as it causes excessive water use.

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“…Qian et al (1996), using a black Bellani plate, found their atmometer to provide better ET estimates than a class A pan and the Penman-Monteith model, when compared to lysimeter ET. Qian et al (1996), using a black Bellani plate, found their atmometer to provide better ET estimates than a class A pan and the Penman-Monteith model, when compared to lysimeter ET.…”

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confidence: 97%

Evaluation of Atmometers within Urban Home Lawn Microclimates

2015

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2359ReseaRch T urfgrasses in the United States are estimated to cover 16 to 20 million hectares, an area three times larger than any irrigated crop (Morris, 2003;Milesi et al., 2005). The total turfgrass area in the United States is likely to increase greatly as urbanization continues to expand (Alig et al., 2004). Irrigation of turfgrasses in urban areas is a common practice, creating an increasing demand for water in expanding urban areas. However, many homeowners do not understand how to manage the irrigation for their lawn (Bremer et al., 2012(Bremer et al., , 2013(Bremer et al., , 2015. A better understanding of turfgrass irrigation requirements (i.e., ET) would help homeowners manage irrigation more efficiently, reducing the demand for water.Turfgrass irrigation requirements are often determined by ET estimates. Typically ET estimates are obtained from either on-site or off-site weather stations that collect weather data to calculate ET using an empirical model. However, a weather station can be expensive to set up and maintain. Siting of the weather station can also create a bias resulting in inaccurate ET estimation (Ley et al., 1996). This is problematic for practitioners who utilize ET-based irrigation scheduling.ABSTRACT An atmometer is an inexpensive tool used to measure evapotranspiration (ET) in situ. The effects of microclimates associated with urban lawns on the performance of atmometers are not well documented. our objective was to compare ET estimates between atmometers and the FAo-56 penman-Monteith equation (pM ET , FAo56-pM), including within urban lawns. The study was conducted in six lawns in 2010 and one in 2011 in Manhattan, KS, and four lawns in Wichita, KS, in 2011. A weather station and atmometer were positioned in an open sward of turfgrass near each city during each measurement period in Manhattan and Wichita. A commercially available Bellani plate atmometer, using a green canvas cover for grass reference ET (AT ET ), was placed next to a portable weather station in two contrasting microclimates within each lawn. Weather stations recorded temperature, net radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed data used to calculate pM ET . open sward AT ET (4.73 mm d -1 ) averaged 14% less than pM ET (5.48 mm d -1 ). Within microclimates, AT ET (3.94mm d -1 ) averaged 22% greater than pM ET (3.23 mm d -1 ). The differences in ET estimates between measurement techniques varied with wind speed, net radiation, and vapor pressure deficit. The best relationships between AT ET and pM ET , at the open sward and within microclimates, occurred when wind speed was >1 m s -1 , vapor pressure deficit was >2 kpa, and net radiation was >5 MJ m -2 d -1 . overall, atmometers can provide reliable estimates of pM ET and could benefit practitioners with irrigation management within microclimates. Dep. of Horticulture, Forestry and Recreation Resources, Kansas State Univ., 2021 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Manhattan, KS 66506. Contribution no. 15-152-J from the Kansas Agric. Exp. Station.

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Estimating Turfgrass Evapotranspiration Using Atmometers and the Penman‐Monteith Model

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

Penman Monteith Crop Coefficients for Use with Desert Turf Systems

Penman Monteith Crop Coefficients for Use with Desert Turf Systems

Crop Coefficients, Growth Rates and Quality of Cool‐Season Turfgrasses

Evaluation of Atmometers within Urban Home Lawn Microclimates

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