Estimating ventilation rates in a window-aired room using Kalman filtering and considering uncertain measurements of occupancy and CO2 concentration

Duarte, Rogério; Gomes, M. Glória; Rodrigues, A. Moret

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.07.016

Cited by 27 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Results for six measurements are shown in Table 5. The slope of linear dependence of the corrected CO2 concentration increases with higher occupant density and ACH, but when CO2 gains are calculated from this slope similar values are obtained in all cases from 0.0043 to 0.0048 L/s, and agree with the theoretical value of Table 1 for young university students (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) year old) with sedentary activity (M = 1.3 MET) with similar male and female contribution. The study of the method reproducibility in the workshop classroom, shows a high discrepancy between the results of both measurements (0.044 vs. 0.048 L/s).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Thus a proper ventilation design as well as its regulation during operation process is crucial, with an optimal air flow that allows reasonable energy consumption in buildings also to established, in times of an adequate CO 2 concentration, as well as maintaining a proper microclimate for occupants of the building.There are different methods for estimation of building ventilation, including ACHs and air flow. A large part of them is based in the measurement of CO 2 produced by occupants as a tracer gas [21][22][23]. This type of methods needs the knowledge of CO 2 gain from people.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are different methods for estimation of building ventilation, including ACHs and air flow. A large part of them is based in the measurement of CO 2 produced by occupants as a tracer gas [21][22][23]. This type of methods needs the knowledge of CO 2 gain from people.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon Dioxide Human Gains—A New Approach of the Estimation

Rodero

Krawczyk

2019

Sustainability

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Human health is dependent on the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) of residential and public buildings, where people spend a substantial amount of time. Part of IAQ parameters, like temperature or humidity influence the thermal comfort of users, whereas too high carbon dioxide concentration (CO 2 ) could cause various complaints or diseases. In buildings like offices and schools, where we have a brush with a high density of users, the main source of CO 2 is simply people. The type of their activity brings higher or lower carbon dioxide gains, that must be taken into account to design and properly use room ventilation, allowing recommended CO 2 levels not to be exceeded. This paper presents an approach to marking human CO 2 generation off by using an experimental method. The method was verified based on measuring results of six test series conducted in different types of rooms at Bialystok University of Technology (Poland) during lectures, meetings, projects and laboratories. Carbon dioxide gains were comparable with an average value of 0.0045 L/s, which corresponds to theoretical CO 2 generation rates that are symptomatic of males and females, between 16 and 30 years old, with low physical activity.Sustainability 2019, 11, 7128 2 of 12 dioxide concentration, is not considered particularly dangerous as such its high level could result in a room occupants becoming drowsy, fatigued and with insufficient ability to concentrate. A review of the literature conducted by Johnsona et al., [8] showed that there was an association between low-level exposure to CO 2 beginning at 700 ppm and building-related symptoms, whereas respiratory symptoms were indicated in children in a case of indoor CO 2 concentrations higher than 1000 ppm. However it was not possible to eliminate other causes of health problems. As highlighted by Meciarova et al., [9], CO 2 is not considered a pollutant of concern, but as an indicator of how well other people-related pollutants are controlled-particularly odor-causing compounds. As underlined by Lu et al., [6], the concentration of CO 2 in office buildings is primarily dependent on occupant density and ventilation rates. It is worth noting that CO 2 concentration is often found above recommendations in buildings with high people density and insufficient ventilation, especially schools [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Problems with CO 2 concentration in residential buildings were discussed by Mainka et al., [18].Nowadays, the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers) standard [19] recommends indoor CO 2 concentrations less than 700 ppm above the outdoor concentration, giving also a guideline of 1000 ppm. Thus, the CO 2 recommended level is significantly lower than several years ago. As analyzed by Persily et al., [20] in 1981 the CO 2 limit of 4500 mg/m 3 (2500 ppm) was proposed in an appendix, while in 1989 the value was decreased by 60% to 1800 mg/m 3 (1000 ppm) and such a level was maintained in the 1999 and 2001 versions of the Standard 62.Sufficiently high venti...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon Dioxide Human Gains—A New Approach of the Estimation

Rodero

Krawczyk

2019

Sustainability

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“…Wallace et al [6] conducted a single study capable of including all these factors to investigate the effects on air change rates of temperature, wind, use of fans, and window-opening behavior. Duarte et al [7] proposed a new method for estimating dynamic ventilation rates in a window-aired room considering "in-use" conditions and uncertainty in occupancy and measurements of indoor air CO2 concentration. However, they did not study the relationship between calculation results and environmental parameters and occupants' window opening behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the dynamic natural ventilation rates of occupied residence

et al. 2022

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The residential natural ventilation rates have a significant impact on indoor thermal comfort and air quality and building energy consumption. The characteristics of the indoor-outdoor temperature difference and wind pressure change over time, as well as the occupants' window opening behavior and the use of HVAC systems, resulting in the residential air change rate being dynamic with time. Many previous studies of residential ventilation measured the steady-state air change rates, which does not reflect the actual dynamic characteristics. In this study, a field measurement was conducted in a bedroom of one natural ventilation residential building in Beijing with continuously monitoring the CO2 concentration, indoor air temperature, and outdoor meteorological parameters for one year. Using the CO2 released by occupants as a tracer gas, the extended Kalman filter based on the Transient Mass Balance Equation (TMBE) was adopted to calculate the dynamic air change rate. This method can effectively filter the CO2 concentration measurement noise. The trend of air change rate with each influencing factor was analyzed. This study is expected to lay the foundation for future studies of dynamic air change rates in residential buildings.

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“…Okullarda aktif ısıtma sisteminin bulunmasına rağmen soğutma sistemi genellikle bulunmamaktadır. Pencere ve kapıların elle açılıp kapanmasına dayalı doğal havalandırma, özellikle sınıflarda en uygulanabilir ve çok karşılaşılan serinletme ve havalandırma türüdür [8]. Bu nedenlerle iyi tasarlanmış ve bakımı yapılan, ısıl konfor koşullarını sağlayan ve dışarıdan yeterli temiz hava temin eden eğitim binaları, verimli öğrenme süreci ve gelecek nesillerin iyi eğitimi için bir gerekliliktir [9].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Analysis of indoor temperature and relative humidity level in higher education classes: Balıkesir University Example

Yıldız

2021

Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi

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Sınıflarda, öğrencilerin bilgiyi algılamasına ve işlemesine yardımcı olmak için konfor koşullarının sağlanması önemli bir ihtiyaçtır. Bu nedenle yapı fiziği açısından doğru bina ve mekan tasarımları gerekmektedir. Aksi takdirde eğitim binalarında konforsuz iç mekanlar oluşabilir ve gereksiz enerji tüketimi gerçekleşebilir. Bu çalışma, Balıkesir üniversitesinin doğal olarak havalandırılan beş sınıfında iç ortam sıcaklık ve bağıl nem değerlerini kullanarak ısıl konforu değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kullanım içi ve dışı saatler dahil olmak üzere parametreler iki aylık süre boyunca 15 dakika aralıklarla kaydedilmiştir. Daha sonra bu veriler excel ve spss programları aracılığıyla istatiksel olarak analiz edilmiş ve uluslarası standartlar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre sıcaklık değerleri Şubat ayında ısıtma sistemi nedeniyle genellikle 22-25⁰C aralığında seyretmiştir. Mayıs ayında ise iç ortam sıcaklıkları çoğunlukla 25⁰C'nin üzerine çıkmıştır. Bağıl nem değerleri her iki ayda da ASHRAE Standardı 62.1-2007'da önerildiği gibi %65 sınır değerini önemli ölçüde aşmamaktadır. Ayrıca sınıflar arasında sıcaklık değişimin de anlamlı farkların olduğu bulunmuştur (p <0.05).

show abstract

Estimating ventilation rates in a window-aired room using Kalman filtering and considering uncertain measurements of occupancy and CO2 concentration

Cited by 27 publications

References 29 publications

Carbon Dioxide Human Gains—A New Approach of the Estimation

Carbon Dioxide Human Gains—A New Approach of the Estimation

Study on the dynamic natural ventilation rates of occupied residence

Analysis of indoor temperature and relative humidity level in higher education classes: Balıkesir University Example

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