Estimation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Groundwater from Campania Plain: Spatial Distribution, Source Attribution and Health Cancer Risk Evaluation

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 1168 groundwater samples of the Campania Plain (Southern Italy), taken using a municipal environmental pressure index (MIEP), and to analyze the distribution of these compounds to determine source PAHs using ratios of isomers diagnostic. Lastly, this study also aimed to estimate the potential health cancer risk in groundwaters. The data indicated that the highest concentration of PAHs was found in groundwater from Caserta Province and the contents of BghiP, Phe, and Nap were detected in the samples. The spatial distribution of these pollutants was evaluated using the Jenks method; moreover, the data indicated that incremental lifetime cancer risk ILCRingestion ranged from 7.31 × 10−20 to 4.96 × 10−19, while ILCRdermal ranged from 4.32 × 10−11 to 2.93 × 10−10. These research findings may provide information about the Campania Plain’s groundwater quality and aid in the development of preventative measures to lessen PAH contamination in groundwater.

Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water from Hand-dug Wells in Some Communities in Ekpeyeland, Rivers State, Nigeria

“…The nature of the concentrations of PAHs observed in the wells from the examined stations is in consonance with the observation of Montuori et al [27] who detected all categories of PAHs in groundwater near an asphalt generation plant. When PAHs are generated from in industrial activities occasioned by massive incineration and burning, vehicular source releases, and burning of fuel such as wood, petroleum and grasses, it passes through the atmosphere and are deposited on land surface, surface runoff and then penetrate the water ecosystem by downward percolation and transfer deep into the aquifer formation [29,30].…”

“…The values of PAHs obtained from well water in the present research are lower than the values of Mohammed et al [26] in borehole water from central Parts of Nigeria where asphalt generation activities are predominant. The values were equally lower than those of Montuori et al [27] in groundwater from Camplania plain, Italy. The values were equally less than the values of Edori and Nyenke [28] in groundwater samples from abattoirs in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.…”

“…When PAHs are generated from in industrial activities occasioned by massive incineration and burning, vehicular source releases, and burning of fuel such as wood, petroleum and grasses, it passes through the atmosphere and are deposited on land surface, surface runoff and then penetrate the water ecosystem by downward percolation and transfer deep into the aquifer formation [29,30]. Numerous studies [26,27,28,31,32] have displayed that PAHs formation and destruction are associated occurrences that is capable of leading to a net escalation of these unsafe combinations in the output of burning schemes.…”

A Multiphase Coupled Hydrodynamic Model for Fate and Transport Simulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Semi-Closed Narrow Bay

“…The ILCRs for the ingestion and dermal uptake were calculated using the equations above [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Freshwater Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Sources, Distribution, and Impacts

“…Additionally, groundwater samples of major cities in China, indicated pyrogenic combustion as the primary contributor PAHs [133]. Similarly, in the Campania Plain, Italy, the major source of pollution in groundwater was attributed to pyrogenic origins from burning carbon and fuel during illegal practices of burning abandoned solid waste piles [134]. While oil-producing areas with petroleumrelated activities, compositional patterns of PAHs reflect a balance between major emissions of pyrogenic and petrogenic mixed sources associated with petroleum development activities in areas near to groundwater systems [135].…”