Estimation of the heavy metals released from cigarette butts to beaches and urban environments

Farzadkia, Mahdi; Sadeh, Mina Salehi; Ghasemi, Afsaneh; Alinejad, Abdolazim; Kazemi, Malihe Samadi; Jafarzadeh, Nima; Torkashvand, Javad

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127969

Cited by 47 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This condition has an effect on the difference in the amount of heavy metal leakage from the cigarette butt. In addition, the difference in the smoking behavior is effective in the amount of cigarette smoke passing through the filter and the concentration of trapped pollutants in the cigarette butt 24 . Therefore, according to the difference in the potential for the presence of pollutants in cigarette smoke and the difference in the amount of cigarette smoke passing through the filter, the concentration of pollutants, including heavy metals, in cigarette butts of different brands and even cigarette butts resulting from consumption of the same brand will be different.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase in landfill leachate pollution will increase the costs of leachate treatment and management. Leakage of heavy metals from cigarette butts varies according to its durability in the urban environment 24 . Accumulation of littered cigarette butts in low access places increases their durability in the urban environment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Table 2 , the leakage rate of heavy metals from littered cigarette butts is different. In this study, using the amount of heavy metals measured in littered cigarette butts by Farzadkia et al 24 , the average leakage of each metal per gram of littered cigarette butt was considered. The annual leakage rate of heavy metals in the studied locations was estimated based on the density of cigarette butts in each location under different climatic conditions in the year and considering the average expected leakage for each metal from each gram of cigarette butt.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and temporal variation of CBPI and leakage of heavy metals from cigarette butts into the urban environment

Darabi

Hassani

Alinejad

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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More than 5 trillion cigarettes are produced in the world every year. This hazardous waste is one of the most important litter in the environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the density and dispersion of cigarette butts in the urban environment and to estimate the leakage of pollution from it to the environment. For this purpose, the cigarette butt pollution index was used in 14 locations. Observations were made during a year and once a month for each location. The study of the locations was done with the same conditions on weekend and working days. The amount of heavy metal leakage was estimated based on the average weight of cigarette butts and the ratio of metal leakage in different weather conditions. The results showed that the annual average of index for the studied locations was 1.36 (SD 0.11) to 10.6 (SD 1.23). Based on this, 28.5% of the locations were in the low pollution status and 42.8% were in the significant pollution status and worse. On average, the index on weekend decreased by 32.3 percent in all locations, and the average index of the studied locations in spring and summer was 26.2 percent higher than in autumn and winter. The average leakage of heavy metals including chromium, cadmium, zinc, lead, copper, and nickel from littered cigarette butts in commercial, residential, and recreational areas was estimated to be 0.27, 0.079, and 0.17 µg per square meter, respectively. Cigarette butt is one of the most abundant litter in the studied area, which is the source of many pollutants, including heavy metals. This hazardous waste is a serious threat to the urban environment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and temporal variation of CBPI and leakage of heavy metals from cigarette butts into the urban environment

Darabi

Hassani

Alinejad

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…This index covers the effect of the type of litter, but it does not reflect the amount of pollutant leakage from different litter in different climatic conditions 30 . Due to the fact that cigarette butts contain various pollutants such as toxins 33 , metals 34 , and organic compounds 35 , a coefficient of 2 was applied for it. One of the important features of cigarette butts is owing to their rapid pollutant leakage into the environment, which makes this litter more important than other types.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Covid-19 pandemic lockdown on the urban litter and clean environment index

Darabi

Hayati

Morovati³

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Changing the level of pollution in the urban environment is one of the consequences of Covid-19. Litter are one of the most important urban pollutants affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. In this research, the pollution level of urban areas during the Covid-19 pandemic was investigated by studying the urban environment. To this end, the protocol of observation and counting was used and litter were studied in two groups including common litter and Covid-19 related litter in Yasuj, Iran. The results were interpreted based on the clean environment index (CEI). The time of observation was selected based on the peak of the disease and the decline in the incidence rate. The results showed that on average, at the peak of the disease, the density of the litter was reduced by 19% compared to the low lockdown related to Covid-19. The CEI on average was 4.76 at the peak of the disease that was interpreted in the clean status, while the CEI on average was 5.94 at the low lockdown related to Covid-19 so interpreted in the moderate status. Among urban land uses, recreational areas with a difference of more than 60% showed the greatest impact caused by Covid-19, while in commercial areas this difference was less than 3%. The effect of Covid-19 related litter on the calculated index was 73% in the worst case and 0.8% in the lowest case. Although Covid-19 decreased the number of litter in urban areas, the emergence of Covid-19 lockdown related litter was a cause for concern and led to increasing the CEI.

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“…Moreover, as CBs age and are exposed to environmental factors, more contaminants can leach out, and through biomagnification, these organic contaminants can enter the food chain, leading to further bioaccumulation (HOH et al, 2019). Considering that agriculture is a major consumer of water, with irrigated farming accounting for 70% of freshwater usage (FAO, 2010), high concentrations of non-essential heavy metals/metalloids (such as arsenic, cadmium, and lead) and organic contaminants in soils and irrigation water pose a significant threat to the environment, food safety, and human and animal health (GONZALEZ HENAO -GHNEIM-HERRERA, 2021). For example, PÉREZ-REVERÓN et al ( 2022) conducted a study in Spain investigating the presence of microplastics (MPs) in irrigation recycled water (IRW) and desalinated brackish water (DBW), as well as in sandy loam and clay loamy soil irrigated with IRW and DBW.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Butts as Water Emerging Contaminants: Possible Method for Their Remediation

Ajibade,

Nnadozie,

Gulyás

et al. 2023

JCEGI

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Nano-sized particles derived from cigarette butts (CBs) are extremely small particles, typically less than 100 nanometers in size, generated by the degradation or breakdown of CB materials. The potential impact of nano-sized particles derived from CBs on irrigation water is a topic of concern. Despite the lack of research focusing specifically on these aspects, it is essential to consider the potential risks associated with these particles. The presence of toxic compounds in CBs, such as nicotine, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), raises concerns about the potential health risks of consuming water contaminated with nano-sized particles from CBs and the potential for these particles to accumulate in the soil, affecting nutrient availability and overall crop growth. Nano-sized particles can travel through water systems and may reach irrigation channels and sources through various pathways, and if CB nano-litter is present in nearby surface water bodies or infiltrates into groundwater, it can introduce these particles and associated contaminants into water sources and the agricultural environment. To ensure the safety and limited entry into water sources used for irrigation it is crucial to implement effective water treatment processes capable of removing or reducing nano-sized particles, as well as the associated chemicals, from the water supply. To mitigate potential risks, various water purification methods can be considered, such as the use of magnetic biochar. Magnetic biochar is a type of biochar that is enriched with magnetic materials. It has been explored as a potential tool for wastewater treatment due to its ability to attract and adsorb contaminants. The hybridized properties of both organic and inorganic materials in magnetic biochar promote its adsorptive ability for a wide range of contaminants. Also, it has unique properties such as solar responsiveness, reusability, magnetic recovery, magnetic recovery, and surface functionalization which are desirable in the design of recyclable adsorbent for industrial wastewater treatment. Therefore, by incorporating magnetic biochar in water treatment systems, it may be possible to effectively remove nano-sized particles derived from CBs, along with other pollutants and contaminants, from water. For example, metal ions can be adsorbed via ligand exchange and complexation, while nicotine and PAHs are primarily via π-π interaction, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions. Therefore, the present study will assess the potential capacity of magnetic biochar to adsorb these particles, considering its impact on water remediation, soil health, and crop growth, and evaluate the overall cost-effectiveness and practicality of its implementation.

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Estimation of the heavy metals released from cigarette butts to beaches and urban environments

Cited by 47 publications

References 30 publications

Spatial and temporal variation of CBPI and leakage of heavy metals from cigarette butts into the urban environment

Spatial and temporal variation of CBPI and leakage of heavy metals from cigarette butts into the urban environment

Impact of Covid-19 pandemic lockdown on the urban litter and clean environment index

Cigarette Butts as Water Emerging Contaminants: Possible Method for Their Remediation

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